Theme Data movement and the cost thereof Latency Time per operation CPU cycles per operation Bandwidth MB / sec CPU cycles / MB Media Memory (load, bcopy) Disk (randoms, sequentials) File system (directory ops, sequential) Network (hot potato, transfer) Pipes (hot potato, transfer) VM system (mmaps/munmaps, bcopy) Systems All Unix systems Windows NT VMS (?) Mainframes (?) Memory Small transfers (randoms) Load latency Large transfers (sequential) Bcopy bandwidth Processes Null process execution time Context switching Misc Null entry into the system Networking Small transfers (randoms) Transfers per second CPU cycles per transfer socket/bind/close per second Large transfers (sequential) MB per second CPU cycles per MB Disks Small transfers (randoms) Transfers per second CPU cycles per transfer Large transfers (sequential) MB per second CPU cycles per MB File system Small transfers (randoms) Creates / second Removes / second Random I/O's per second in large file CPU cycles per transfer MB / sec when reading many related small files Large files MB / second read/write CPU cycles per MB Hardness Measure fsck time? Virtual memory system Creation mmaps per second munmaps per second Also vary size of mapped region Small transfers (randoms) Random reads per second of large mmaped file CPU cycles per read Large transfers (cached sequential) MB per second read rate CPU cycles per MB