Rust Coding Standards ======================= You MUST follow the standards laid out in `.../doc/HACKING/CodingStandards.md`, where applicable. Module/Crate Declarations --------------------------- Each Tor C module which is being rewritten MUST be in its own crate. See the structure of `.../src/rust` for examples. In your crate, you MUST use `lib.rs` ONLY for pulling in external crates (e.g. `extern crate libc;`) and exporting public objects from other Rust modules (e.g. `pub use mymodule::foo;`). For example, if you create a crate in `.../src/rust/yourcrate`, your Rust code should live in `.../src/rust/yourcrate/yourcode.rs` and the public interface to it should be exported in `.../src/rust/yourcrate/lib.rs`. If your code is to be called from Tor C code, you MUST define a safe `ffi.rs`. See the "Safety" section further down for more details. For example, in a hypothetical `tor_addition` Rust module: In `.../src/rust/tor_addition/addition.rs`: pub fn get_sum(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b } In `.../src/rust/tor_addition/lib.rs`: pub use addition::*; In `.../src/rust/tor_addition/ffi.rs`: #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn tor_get_sum(a: c_int, b: c_int) -> c_int { get_sum(a, b) } If your Rust code must call out to parts of Tor's C code, you must declare the functions you are calling in the `external` crate, located at `.../src/rust/external`. Modules should strive to be below 500 lines (tests excluded). Single responsibility and limited dependencies should be a guiding standard. If you have any external modules as dependencies (e.g. `extern crate libc;`), you MUST declare them in your crate's `lib.rs` and NOT in any other module. Dependencies -------------- In general, we use modules from only the Rust standard library whenever possible. We will review including external crates on a case-by-case basis. Documentation --------------- You MUST include `#[deny(missing_docs)]` in your crate. For function/method comments, you SHOULD include a one-sentence, "first person" description of function behaviour (see requirements for documentation as described in `.../src/HACKING/CodingStandards.md`), then an `# Inputs` section for inputs or initialisation values, a `# Returns` section for return values/types, a `# Warning` section containing warnings for unsafe behaviours or panics that could happen. For publicly accessible types/constants/objects/functions/methods, you SHOULD also include an `# Examples` section with runnable doctests. You MUST document your module with _module docstring_ comments, i.e. `//!` at the beginning of each line. Style ------- You SHOULD consider breaking up large literal numbers with `_` when it makes it more human readable to do so, e.g. `let x: u64 = 100_000_000_000`. Testing --------- All code MUST be unittested and integration tested. Public functions/objects exported from a crate SHOULD include doctests describing how the function/object is expected to be used. Integration tests SHOULD go into a `tests/` directory inside your crate. Unittests SHOULD go into their own module inside the module they are testing, e.g. in `.../src/rust/tor_addition/addition.rs` you should put: #[cfg(test)] mod test { use super::*; #[test] fn addition_with_zero() { let sum: i32 = get_sum(5i32, 0i32); assert_eq!(sum, 5); } } Benchmarking -------------- The external `test` crate can be used for most benchmarking. However, using this crate requires nightly Rust. Since we may want to switch to a more stable Rust compiler eventually, we shouldn't do things which will automatically break builds for stable compilers. Therefore, you MUST feature-gate your benchmarks in the following manner. If you wish to benchmark some of your Rust code, you MUST put the following in the `[features]` section of your crate's `Cargo.toml`: [features] bench = [] Next, in your crate's `lib.rs` you MUST put: #[cfg(all(test, feature = "bench"))] extern crate test; This ensures that the external crate `test`, which contains utilities for basic benchmarks, is only used when running benchmarks via `cargo bench --features bench`. Finally, to write your benchmark code, in `.../src/rust/tor_addition/addition.rs` you SHOULD put: #[cfg(all(test, features = "bench"))] mod bench { use test::Bencher; use super::*; #[bench] fn addition_small_integers(b: &mut Bencher) { b.iter(| | get_sum(5i32, 0i32)); } } Fuzzing --------- If you wish to fuzz parts of your code, please see the [`cargo fuzz`](https://github.com/rust-fuzz/cargo-fuzz) crate, which uses [libfuzzer-sys](https://github.com/rust-fuzz/libfuzzer-sys). Whitespace & Formatting ------------------------- You MUST run `rustfmt` (https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rustfmt) on your code before your code will be merged. You can install rustfmt by doing `cargo install rustfmt-nightly` and then run it with `cargo fmt`. Safety -------- You SHOULD read [the nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/) before writing Rust FFI code. It is *highly advised* that you read and write normal Rust code before attempting to write FFI or any other unsafe code. Here are some additional bits of advice and rules: 0. Any behaviours which Rust considers to be undefined are forbidden From https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html: > Behavior considered undefined > > The following is a list of behavior which is forbidden in all Rust code, > including within unsafe blocks and unsafe functions. Type checking provides the > guarantee that these issues are never caused by safe code. > > * Data races > * Dereferencing a null/dangling raw pointer > * Reads of [undef](http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#undefined-values) > (uninitialized) memory > * Breaking the > [pointer aliasing rules](http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#pointer-aliasing-rules) > with raw pointers (a subset of the rules used by C) > * `&mut T` and `&T` follow LLVM’s scoped noalias model, except if the `&T` > contains an `UnsafeCell`. Unsafe code must not violate these aliasing > guarantees. > * Mutating non-mutable data (that is, data reached through a shared > reference or data owned by a `let` binding), unless that data is > contained within an `UnsafeCell`. > * Invoking undefined behavior via compiler intrinsics: > - Indexing outside of the bounds of an object with > `std::ptr::offset` (`offset` intrinsic), with the exception of > one byte past the end which is permitted. > - Using `std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping_memory` (`memcpy32`/`memcpy64` > intrinsics) on overlapping buffers > * Invalid values in primitive types, even in private fields/locals: > - Dangling/null references or boxes > - A value other than `false` (0) or `true` (1) in a `bool` > - A discriminant in an `enum` not included in the type definition > - A value in a `char` which is a surrogate or above `char::MAX` > - Non-UTF-8 byte sequences in a `str` > * Unwinding into Rust from foreign code or unwinding from Rust into foreign > code. Rust's failure system is not compatible with exception handling in other > languages. Unwinding must be caught and handled at FFI boundaries. 1. `unwrap()` If you call `unwrap()`, anywhere, even in a test, you MUST include an inline comment stating how the unwrap will either 1) never fail, or 2) should fail (i.e. in a unittest). You SHOULD NOT use `unwrap()` anywhere in which it is possible to handle the potential error with either `expect()` or the eel operator, `?`. For example, consider a function which parses a string into an integer: fn parse_port_number(config_string: &str) -> u16 { u16::from_str_radix(config_string, 10).unwrap() } There are numerous ways this can fail, and the `unwrap()` will cause the whole program to byte the dust! Instead, either you SHOULD use `expect()` (or another equivalent function which will return an `Option` or a `Result`) and change the return type to be compatible: fn parse_port_number(config_string: &str) -> Option { u16::from_str_radix(config_string, 10).expect("Couldn't parse port into a u16") } or you SHOULD use `or()` (or another similar method): fn parse_port_number(config_string: &str) -> Option { u16::from_str_radix(config_string, 10).or(Err("Couldn't parse port into a u16") } Using methods like `or()` can be particularly handy when you must do something afterwards with the data, for example, if we wanted to guarantee that the port is high. Combining these methods with the eel operator (`?`) makes this even easier: fn parse_port_number(config_string: &str) -> Result { let port = u16::from_str_radix(config_string, 10).or(Err("Couldn't parse port into a u16"))?; if port > 1024 { return Ok(port); } else { return Err("Low ports not allowed"); } } 2. `unsafe` If you use `unsafe`, you MUST describe a contract in your documentation which describes how and when the unsafe code may fail, and what expectations are made w.r.t. the interfaces to unsafe code. This is also REQUIRED for major pieces of FFI between C and Rust. When creating an FFI in Rust for C code to call, it is NOT REQUIRED to declare the entire function `unsafe`. For example, rather than doing: #[no_mangle] pub unsafe extern "C" fn increment_and_combine_numbers(mut numbers: [u8; 4]) -> u32 { for number in &mut numbers { *number += 1; } std::mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u32>(numbers) } You SHOULD instead do: #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn increment_and_combine_numbers(mut numbers: [u8; 4]) -> u32 { for index in 0..numbers.len() { numbers[index] += 1; } unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u32>(numbers) } } 3. Pass only integer types and bytes over the boundary The only non-integer type which may cross the FFI boundary is bytes, e.g. `&[u8]`. This SHOULD be done on the Rust side by passing a pointer (`*mut libc::c_char`) and a length (`libc::size_t`). One might be tempted to do this via doing `CString::new("blah").unwrap().into_raw()`. This has several problems: a) If you do `CString::new("bl\x00ah")` then the unwrap() will fail due to the additional NULL terminator, causing a dangling pointer to be returned (as well as a potential use-after-free). b) Returning the raw pointer will cause the CString to run its deallocator, which causes any C code which tries to access the contents to dereference a NULL pointer. c) If we were to do `as_raw()` this would result in a potential double-free since the Rust deallocator would run and possibly Tor's deallocator. d) Calling `into_raw()` without later using the same pointer in Rust to call `from_raw()` and then deallocate in Rust can result in a [memory leak](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html#method.into_raw). [It was determined](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/41074) that this is safe to do if you use the same allocator in C and Rust and also specify the memory alignment for CString (except that there is no way to specify the alignment for CString). It is believed that the alignment is always 1, which would mean it's safe to dealloc the resulting `*mut c_char` in Tor's C code. However, the Rust developers are not willing to guarantee the stability of, or a contract for, this behaviour, citing concerns that this is potentially extremely and subtly unsafe. 4. Perform an allocation on the other side of the boundary After crossing the boundary, the other side MUST perform an allocation to copy the data and is therefore responsible for freeing that memory later. 5. No touching other language's enums Rust enums should never be touched from C (nor can they be safely `#[repr(C)]`) nor vice versa: > "The chosen size is the default enum size for the target platform's C > ABI. Note that enum representation in C is implementation defined, so this is > really a "best guess". In particular, this may be incorrect when the C code > of interest is compiled with certain flags." (from https://gankro.github.io/nomicon/other-reprs.html) 6. Type safety Wherever possible and sensical, you SHOULD create new types in a manner which prevents type confusion or misuse. For example, rather than using an untyped mapping between strings and integers like so: use std::collections::HashMap; pub fn get_elements_with_over_9000_points(map: &HashMap) -> Vec { ... } It would be safer to define a new type, such that some other usage of `HashMap` cannot be confused for this type: pub struct DragonBallZPowers(pub HashMap); impl DragonBallZPowers { pub fn over_nine_thousand<'a>(&'a self) -> Vec<&'a String> { let mut powerful_enough: Vec<&'a String> = Vec::with_capacity(5); for (character, power) in &self.0 { if *power > 9000 { powerful_enough.push(character); } } powerful_enough } } Note the following code, which uses Rust's type aliasing, is valid but it does NOT meet the desired type safety goals: pub type Power = usize; pub fn over_nine_thousand(power: &Power) -> bool { if *power > 9000 { return true; } false } // We can still do the following: let his_power: usize = 9001; over_nine_thousand(&his_power); 7. Unsafe mucking around with lifetimes Because lifetimes are technically, in type theory terms, a kind, i.e. a family of types, individual lifetimes can be treated as types. For example, one can arbitrarily extend and shorten lifetime using `std::mem::transmute`: struct R<'a>(&'a i32); unsafe fn extend_lifetime<'b>(r: R<'b>) -> R<'static> { std::mem::transmute::, R<'static>>(r) } unsafe fn shorten_invariant_lifetime<'b, 'c>(r: &'b mut R<'static>) -> &'b mut R<'c> { std::mem::transmute::<&'b mut R<'static>, &'b mut R<'c>>(r) } Calling `extend_lifetime()` would cause an `R` passed into it to live forever for the life of the program (the `'static` lifetime). Similarly, `shorten_invariant_lifetime()` could be used to take something meant to live forever, and cause it to disappear! This is incredibly unsafe. If you're going to be mucking around with lifetimes like this, first, you better have an extremely good reason, and second, you may as be honest and explicit about it, and for ferris' sake just use a raw pointer. In short, just because lifetimes can be treated like types doesn't mean you should do it. 8. Doing excessively unsafe things when there's a safer alternative Similarly to #7, often there are excessively unsafe ways to do a task and a simpler, safer way. You MUST choose the safer option where possible. For example, `std::mem::transmute` can be abused in ways where casting with `as` would be both simpler and safer: // Don't do this let ptr = &0; let ptr_num_transmute = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&i32, usize>(ptr)}; // Use an `as` cast instead let ptr_num_cast = ptr as *const i32 as usize; In fact, using `std::mem::transmute` for *any* reason is a code smell and as such SHOULD be avoided. 9. Casting integers with `as` This is generally fine to do, but it has some behaviours which you should be aware of. Casting down chops off the high bits, e.g.: let x: u32 = 4294967295; println!("{}", x as u16); // prints 65535 Some cases which you MUST NOT do include: * Casting an `u128` down to an `f32` or vice versa (e.g. `u128::MAX as f32` but this isn't only a problem with overflowing as it is also undefined behaviour for `42.0f32 as u128`), * Casting between integers and floats when the thing being cast cannot fit into the type it is being casted into, e.g.: println!("{}", 42949.0f32 as u8); // prints 197 in debug mode and 0 in release println!("{}", 1.04E+17 as u8); // prints 0 in both modes println!("{}", (0.0/0.0) as i64); // prints whatever the heck LLVM wants Because this behaviour is undefined, it can even produce segfaults in safe Rust code. For example, the following program built in release mode segfaults: #[inline(never)] pub fn trigger_ub(sl: &[u8; 666]) -> &[u8] { // Note that the float is out of the range of `usize`, invoking UB when casting. let idx = 1e99999f64 as usize; &sl[idx..] // The bound check is elided due to `idx` being of an undefined value. } fn main() { println!("{}", trigger_ub(&[1; 666])[999999]); // ~ out of bound } And in debug mode panics with: thread 'main' panicked at 'slice index starts at 140721821254240 but ends at 666', /checkout/src/libcore/slice/mod.rs:754:4