tor-parallel-relay-conn/src/or/circuitbuild.c

/* Copyright (c) 2001 Matej Pfajfar.
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004, Roger Dingledine.
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson.
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2009, The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */

/**
 * \file circuitbuild.c
 * \brief The actual details of building circuits.
 **/

#define CIRCUIT_PRIVATE

#include "or.h"
#include "crypto.h"

/*
 * This madness is needed because if we simply #undef log
 * before including or.h or log.h, we get linker collisions
 * and random segfaults due to memory corruption (and
 * not even at calls to log() either!)
 */
#undef log

/*
 * Linux doesn't provide lround in math.h by default,
 * but mac os does... Its best just to leave math.h
 * out of the picture entirely.
 */
//#define log math_h_log
//#include <math.h>
//#undef log
long int lround(double x);
double ln(double x);
double log(double x);
double pow(double x, double y);

double
ln(double x)
{
  return log(x);
}

#define log _log

/********* START VARIABLES **********/
/** Global list of circuit build times */
// FIXME: Add this as a member for entry_guard_t instead of global?
// Then we could do per-guard statistics, as guards are likely to
// vary in their own latency. The downside of this is that guards
// can change frequently, so we'd be building a lot more circuits
// most likely.
circuit_build_times_t circ_times;

/** A global list of all circuits at this hop. */
extern circuit_t *global_circuitlist;

/** An entry_guard_t represents our information about a chosen long-term
 * first hop, known as a "helper" node in the literature. We can't just
 * use a routerinfo_t, since we want to remember these even when we
 * don't have a directory. */
typedef struct {
  char nickname[MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1];
  char identity[DIGEST_LEN];
  time_t chosen_on_date; /**< Approximately when was this guard added?
                          * "0" if we don't know. */
  char *chosen_by_version; /**< What tor version added this guard? NULL
                            * if we don't know. */
  unsigned int made_contact : 1; /**< 0 if we have never connected to this
                                  * router, 1 if we have. */
  unsigned int can_retry : 1; /**< Should we retry connecting to this entry,
                               * in spite of having it marked as unreachable?*/
  time_t bad_since; /**< 0 if this guard is currently usable, or the time at
                      * which it was observed to become (according to the
                      * directory or the user configuration) unusable. */
  time_t unreachable_since; /**< 0 if we can connect to this guard, or the
                             * time at which we first noticed we couldn't
                             * connect to it. */
  time_t last_attempted; /**< 0 if we can connect to this guard, or the time
                          * at which we last failed to connect to it. */
} entry_guard_t;

/** A list of our chosen entry guards. */
static smartlist_t *entry_guards = NULL;
/** A value of 1 means that the entry_guards list has changed
 * and those changes need to be flushed to disk. */
static int entry_guards_dirty = 0;

static int unit_tests = 0;

/********* END VARIABLES ************/

static int circuit_deliver_create_cell(circuit_t *circ,
                                       uint8_t cell_type, const char *payload);
static int onion_pick_cpath_exit(origin_circuit_t *circ, extend_info_t *exit);
static crypt_path_t *onion_next_hop_in_cpath(crypt_path_t *cpath);
static int onion_extend_cpath(origin_circuit_t *circ);
static int count_acceptable_routers(smartlist_t *routers);
static int onion_append_hop(crypt_path_t **head_ptr, extend_info_t *choice);

static void entry_guards_changed(void);
static time_t start_of_month(time_t when);

void
circuitbuild_running_unit_tests(void)
{
  unit_tests = 1;
}

void
circuit_build_times_reset(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  memset(cbt->circuit_build_times, 0, sizeof(cbt->circuit_build_times));
  cbt->pre_timeouts = 0;
  cbt->total_build_times = 0;
  cbt->build_times_idx = 0;
  cbt->computed = 0;
}

void
circuit_build_times_init(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  memset(cbt, 0, sizeof(*cbt));

  if (!unit_tests && get_options()->CircuitBuildTimeout) {
    cbt->timeout = get_options()->CircuitBuildTimeout;
  } else {
    cbt->timeout = BUILD_TIMEOUT_INITIAL_VALUE;
  }
}

/**
 * circuit_build_times is a circular array, so loop around when
 * array is full
 *
 * time units are milliseconds
 */
int
circuit_build_times_add_time(circuit_build_times_t *cbt, build_time_t time)
{
  if (time > BUILD_TIME_MAX) {
    log_notice(LD_CIRC,
       "Circuit build time of %ums exceeds max. Capping at 65536ms", time);
    time = BUILD_TIME_MAX;
  } else if (time <= 0) {
    log_err(LD_CIRC, "Circuit build time is %u!", time);
    return -1;
  }

  cbt->circuit_build_times[cbt->build_times_idx] = time;
  cbt->build_times_idx = (cbt->build_times_idx + 1) % NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE;
  if (cbt->total_build_times < NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE)
    cbt->total_build_times++;

  if ((cbt->total_build_times % BUILD_TIMES_SAVE_STATE_EVERY) == 0) {
    /* Save state every 100 circuit builds */
    if (!unit_tests && !get_options()->AvoidDiskWrites)
      or_state_mark_dirty(get_or_state(), 0);
  }

  return 0;
}

/**
 * Find maximum circuit build time
 */
static build_time_t
circuit_build_times_max(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  int i = 0;
  build_time_t max_build_time = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE; i++) {
    if (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] > max_build_time)
      max_build_time = cbt->circuit_build_times[i];
  }
  return max_build_time;
}

static build_time_t
circuit_build_times_min(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  int i = 0;
  build_time_t min_build_time = BUILD_TIME_MAX;
  for (i = 0; i < NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE; i++) {
    if (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] && /* 0 <-> uninitialized */
            cbt->circuit_build_times[i] < min_build_time)
      min_build_time = cbt->circuit_build_times[i];
  }
  if (min_build_time == BUILD_TIME_MAX) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC, "No build times less than BUILD_TIME_MAX!");
  }
  return min_build_time;
}

/**
 * Calculate histogram
 */
static uint32_t *
circuit_build_times_create_histogram(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                     build_time_t *nbins)
{
  uint32_t *histogram;
  build_time_t max_build_time = circuit_build_times_max(cbt);
  int i, c;

  *nbins = 1 + (max_build_time / BUILDTIME_BIN_WIDTH);
  histogram = tor_malloc_zero(*nbins * sizeof(build_time_t));

  // calculate histogram
  for (i = 0; i < NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE; i++) {
    if (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] == 0) continue; /* 0 <-> uninitialized */

    c = (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] / BUILDTIME_BIN_WIDTH);
    histogram[c]++;
  }

  return histogram;
}

static build_time_t
circuit_build_times_mode(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  build_time_t i, nbins, max_bin=0;
  uint32_t *histogram = circuit_build_times_create_histogram(cbt, &nbins);

  for (i = 0; i < nbins; i++) {
    if (histogram[i] > histogram[max_bin]) {
      max_bin = i;
    }
  }

  return max_bin*BUILDTIME_BIN_WIDTH;
}

/**
 * output a histogram of current circuit build times.
 *
 */
void
circuit_build_times_update_state(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                 or_state_t *state)
{
  uint32_t *histogram;
  build_time_t i = 0;
  build_time_t nbins = 0;
  config_line_t **next, *line;

  histogram = circuit_build_times_create_histogram(cbt, &nbins);
  // write to state
  config_free_lines(state->BuildtimeHistogram);
  next = &state->BuildtimeHistogram;
  *next = NULL;

  state->TotalBuildTimes = cbt->total_build_times;

  for (i = 0; i < nbins; i++) {
    // compress the histogram by skipping the blanks
    if (histogram[i] == 0) continue;
    *next = line = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(config_line_t));
    line->key = tor_strdup("CircuitBuildTimeBin");
    line->value = tor_malloc(25);
    tor_snprintf(line->value, 25, "%d %d", i*BUILDTIME_BIN_WIDTH,
                 histogram[i]);
    next = &(line->next);
  }

  if (!unit_tests) {
    if (!get_options()->AvoidDiskWrites)
      or_state_mark_dirty(get_or_state(), 0);
  }

  if (histogram) tor_free(histogram);
}

/* Stolen from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher\u2013Yates_shuffle */
static void
circuit_build_times_shuffle_array(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
   int n = cbt->total_build_times;

   /* This code can only be run on a compact array */
   tor_assert(cbt->total_build_times == cbt->build_times_idx);
   while (n-- > 1) {
     int k = crypto_rand_int(n + 1);  /* 0 <= k <= n. */
     build_time_t tmp = cbt->circuit_build_times[k];
     cbt->circuit_build_times[k] = cbt->circuit_build_times[n];
     cbt->circuit_build_times[n] = tmp;
   }
}

/** Load histogram from state */
int
circuit_build_times_parse_state(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                or_state_t *state, char **msg)
{
  int tot_values = 0, N = 0;
  config_line_t *line;
  int i;
  msg = NULL;
  circuit_build_times_init(cbt);

  /* We don't support decreasing the table size yet */
  tor_assert(state->TotalBuildTimes <= NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE);

  for (line = state->BuildtimeHistogram; line; line = line->next) {
    smartlist_t * args = smartlist_create();
    smartlist_split_string(args, line->value, " ",
                                  SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 0);
    if (smartlist_len(args) < 2) {
      *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse circuit build times: "
                          "Too few arguments to CircuitBuildTIme");
      break;
    } else {
      const char *ms_str = smartlist_get(args,0);
      const char *count_str = smartlist_get(args,1);
      uint32_t count, k;
      build_time_t ms;
      int ok;
      ms = tor_parse_ulong(ms_str, 0, 0, BUILD_TIME_MAX, &ok, NULL);
      if (!ok) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse circuit build times: "
                          "Unparsable bin number");
        break;
      }
      count = tor_parse_ulong(count_str, 0, 0, UINT32_MAX, &ok, NULL);
      if (!ok) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse circuit build times: "
                          "Unparsable bin count");
        break;
      }

      for (k = 0; k < count; k++) {
        circuit_build_times_add_time(cbt, ms);
      }
      N++;
    }
  }

  circuit_build_times_shuffle_array(cbt);

  /* Verify that we didn't overwrite any indexes */
  for (i=0; i < NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE; i++) {
    if (!cbt->circuit_build_times[i])
      break;
    tot_values++;
  }
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Loaded %d/%d values from %d lines in circuit time histogram",
           tot_values, cbt->total_build_times, N);
  tor_assert(cbt->total_build_times == state->TotalBuildTimes);
  tor_assert(tot_values == cbt->total_build_times);
  circuit_build_times_set_timeout(cbt);
  return (msg ? -1 : 0);
}

void
circuit_build_times_update_alpha(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  build_time_t *x=cbt->circuit_build_times;
  double a = 0;
  int n=0,i=0;

  /* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution#Parameter_estimation */
  /* We sort of cheat here and make our samples slightly more pareto-like
   * and less frechet-like. */
  cbt->Xm = circuit_build_times_mode(cbt);

  for (i=0; i< NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE; i++) {
    if (!x[i]) continue;

    // Hrmm, should we count < Xm as Xm or just drop
    if (x[i] < cbt->Xm) a += ln(cbt->Xm);
    else a += ln(x[i]);
    n++;
  }

  if (n!=cbt->total_build_times) {
    log_err(LD_CIRC, "Discrepency in build times count: %d vs %d", n,
            cbt->total_build_times);
  }
  tor_assert(n==cbt->total_build_times);

  a -= n*ln(cbt->Xm);
  a = n/a;

  cbt->alpha = a;
}

/**
 * This is the Pareto Quantile Function. It calculates the point x
 * in the distribution such that F(x) = quantile (ie quantile*100%
 * of the mass of the density function is below x on the curve).
 *
 * We use it to calculate the timeout and also synthetic values of
 * time for circuits that timeout before completion.
 *
 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_function,
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling and
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution#Generating_a_random_sample_from_Pareto_distribution
 * That's right. I'll cite wikipedia all day long.
 */
double
circuit_build_times_calculate_timeout(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                      double quantile)
{
  double ret = cbt->Xm/pow(1.0-quantile,1.0/cbt->alpha);
  if (ret > INT32_MAX) {
    ret = INT32_MAX;
  }
  tor_assert(ret > 0);
  return ret;
}

/* Pareto CDF */
double
circuit_build_times_cdf(circuit_build_times_t *cbt, double x)
{
  double ret = 1.0-pow(cbt->Xm/x,cbt->alpha);
  tor_assert(0 <= ret && ret <= 1.0);
  return ret;
}

build_time_t
circuit_build_times_generate_sample(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                    double q_lo, double q_hi)
{
  uint64_t r = crypto_rand_uint64(UINT64_MAX-1);
  double u = q_lo + ((q_hi-q_lo)*r)/(1.0*UINT64_MAX);
  build_time_t ret;

  tor_assert(0 <= u && u < 1.0);
  ret = lround(circuit_build_times_calculate_timeout(cbt, u));
  tor_assert(ret > 0);
  return ret;
}

void
circuit_build_times_add_timeout_worker(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                       double quantile_cutoff)
{
  /* Generate 0.8-1.0... */
  build_time_t gentime = circuit_build_times_generate_sample(cbt,
              quantile_cutoff, 1.0);

  if (gentime < (build_time_t)cbt->timeout*1000) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC,
      "Generated a synthetic timeout LESS than the current timeout: %u vs %d",
      gentime, cbt->timeout*1000);
    tor_assert(gentime >= (build_time_t)cbt->timeout*1000);
  } else if (gentime > BUILD_TIME_MAX) {
    gentime = BUILD_TIME_MAX;
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
      "Generated a synthetic timeout larger than the max: %u", gentime);
  } else {
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Generated synthetic time %u for timeout", gentime);
  }

  circuit_build_times_add_time(cbt, gentime);
}

void
circuit_build_times_initial_alpha(circuit_build_times_t *cbt,
                                  double quantile, build_time_t timeout)
{
  // Q(u) = Xm/((1-u)^(1/a))
  // Q(0.8) = Xm/((1-0.8))^(1/a)) = CircBuildTimeout
  // CircBuildTimeout = Xm/((1-0.8))^(1/a))
  // CircBuildTimeout = Xm*((1-0.8))^(-1/a))
  // ln(CircBuildTimeout) = ln(Xm)+ln(((1-0.8)))*(-1/a)
  // -ln(1-0.8)/(ln(CircBuildTimeout)-ln(Xm))=a
  cbt->alpha = ln(1.0-quantile)/(ln(cbt->Xm)-ln(timeout));
}

static void
circuit_build_times_count_pretimeouts(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  /* Store a timeout as a random position on this curve. */
  if (cbt->pre_timeouts) {
    double timeout_quantile = 1.0-
          ((double)cbt->pre_timeouts)/cbt->total_build_times;
    cbt->Xm = circuit_build_times_min(cbt);
    // Use current timeout to get an estimate on alpha
    circuit_build_times_initial_alpha(cbt, timeout_quantile,
            cbt->timeout*1000);
    while (cbt->pre_timeouts-- != 0) {
      circuit_build_times_add_timeout_worker(cbt, timeout_quantile);
    }
    cbt->pre_timeouts = 0;
  }
}

/**
 * Returns true if we need circuits to be built
 */
int
circuit_build_times_needs_circuits(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  /* Return true if < MIN_CIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE */
  if (cbt->total_build_times < MIN_CIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE)
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

int
circuit_build_times_needs_circuits_now(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  return circuit_build_times_needs_circuits(cbt) &&
      approx_time()-cbt->last_circ_at > BUILD_TIMES_TEST_FREQUENCY;
}

void
circuit_build_times_network_is_live(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  cbt->network_last_live = approx_time();
}

int
circuit_build_times_is_network_live(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  time_t now = approx_time();
  if (now - cbt->network_last_live > NETWORK_LIVE_INTERVAL) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Network is no longer live. Dead for %ld seconds.",
             now - cbt->network_last_live);
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

int
circuit_build_times_check_too_many_timeouts(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  double timeout_rate=0;
  build_time_t Xm = BUILD_TIME_MAX;
  double timeout;
  int i;

  if (cbt->total_build_times < RECENT_CIRCUITS) {
    return 0;
  }

  /* Get timeout rate and Xm for recent circs */
  for (i = (cbt->build_times_idx - RECENT_CIRCUITS) % NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE;
       i != cbt->build_times_idx;
       i = (i + 1) % NCIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE) {
    if (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] && cbt->circuit_build_times[i] < Xm) {
      Xm = cbt->circuit_build_times[i];
    }
    if (cbt->circuit_build_times[i] > (build_time_t)cbt->timeout*1000) {
      timeout_rate++;
    }
  }
  timeout_rate /= RECENT_CIRCUITS;

  /* If more then 80% of our recent circuits are timing out,
   * we need to re-estimate a new initial alpha and timeout */
  if (timeout_rate < MAX_RECENT_TIMEOUT_RATE) {
    return 0;
  }

  log_notice(LD_CIRC,
            "Network connection type appears to have changed. "
            "Resetting timeouts.");

  if (Xm >= (build_time_t)cbt->timeout*1000) {
    Xm = circuit_build_times_min(cbt);
    if (Xm >= (build_time_t)cbt->timeout*1000) {
      /* No circuits have completed */
      cbt->timeout *= 2;
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,
              "Adjusting CircuitBuildTimeout to %d in the hopes that "
              "some connections will succeed", cbt->timeout);
      goto reset;
    }
  }
  cbt->Xm = Xm;

  circuit_build_times_initial_alpha(cbt, 1.0-timeout_rate,
          cbt->timeout*1000.0);

  timeout = circuit_build_times_calculate_timeout(cbt,
                                BUILDTIMEOUT_QUANTILE_CUTOFF);

  cbt->timeout = lround(timeout/1000.0);

  log_notice(LD_CIRC,
           "Reset circuit build timeout to %d (Xm: %d a: %lf) based on "
           "%d recent circuit times", cbt->timeout, cbt->Xm, cbt->alpha,
           RECENT_CIRCUITS);

reset:

  /* Reset all data */
  circuit_build_times_reset(cbt);
  return 1;
}

/**
 * Store a timeout as a synthetic value
 */
void
circuit_build_times_add_timeout(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  /* Only count timeouts if network is live.. */
  if (!circuit_build_times_is_network_live(cbt)) {
    return;
  }

  /* If there are a ton of timeouts, we should reduce
   * the circuit build timeout */
  if (circuit_build_times_check_too_many_timeouts(cbt)) {
    return;
  }

  if (!cbt->computed) {
    /* Store a timeout before we have enough data as special */
    cbt->pre_timeouts++;
    return;
  }

  circuit_build_times_count_pretimeouts(cbt);
  circuit_build_times_add_timeout_worker(cbt, BUILDTIMEOUT_QUANTILE_CUTOFF);
}

void
circuit_build_times_set_timeout(circuit_build_times_t *cbt)
{
  double timeout;

  if (cbt->total_build_times < MIN_CIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
            "Not enough circuits yet to calculate a new build timeout."
            " Need %d more.",
            MIN_CIRCUITS_TO_OBSERVE-cbt->total_build_times);
    return;
  }

  circuit_build_times_count_pretimeouts(cbt);
  circuit_build_times_update_alpha(cbt);
  timeout = circuit_build_times_calculate_timeout(cbt,
                                BUILDTIMEOUT_QUANTILE_CUTOFF);

  cbt->computed = 1;
  cbt->timeout = lround(timeout/1000.0);

  log_info(LD_CIRC,
          "Set circuit build timeout to %d (Xm: %d a: %lf) based on "
           "%d circuit times",
           cbt->timeout, cbt->Xm, cbt->alpha,
           cbt->total_build_times);

}

/** Iterate over values of circ_id, starting from conn-\>next_circ_id,
 * and with the high bit specified by conn-\>circ_id_type, until we get
 * a circ_id that is not in use by any other circuit on that conn.
 *
 * Return it, or 0 if can't get a unique circ_id.
 */
static circid_t
get_unique_circ_id_by_conn(or_connection_t *conn)
{
  circid_t test_circ_id;
  circid_t attempts=0;
  circid_t high_bit;

  tor_assert(conn);
  if (conn->circ_id_type == CIRC_ID_TYPE_NEITHER) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Trying to pick a circuit ID for a connection from "
             "a client with no identity.");
    return 0;
  }
  high_bit = (conn->circ_id_type == CIRC_ID_TYPE_HIGHER) ? 1<<15 : 0;
  do {
    /* Sequentially iterate over test_circ_id=1...1<<15-1 until we find a
     * circID such that (high_bit|test_circ_id) is not already used. */
    test_circ_id = conn->next_circ_id++;
    if (test_circ_id == 0 || test_circ_id >= 1<<15) {
      test_circ_id = 1;
      conn->next_circ_id = 2;
    }
    if (++attempts > 1<<15) {
      /* Make sure we don't loop forever if all circ_id's are used. This
       * matters because it's an external DoS opportunity.
       */
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,"No unused circ IDs. Failing.");
      return 0;
    }
    test_circ_id |= high_bit;
  } while (circuit_id_in_use_on_orconn(test_circ_id, conn));
  return test_circ_id;
}

/** If <b>verbose</b> is false, allocate and return a comma-separated list of
 * the currently built elements of circuit_t.  If <b>verbose</b> is true, also
 * list information about link status in a more verbose format using spaces.
 * If <b>verbose_names</b> is false, give nicknames for Named routers and hex
 * digests for others; if <b>verbose_names</b> is true, use $DIGEST=Name style
 * names.
 */
static char *
circuit_list_path_impl(origin_circuit_t *circ, int verbose, int verbose_names)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop;
  smartlist_t *elements;
  const char *states[] = {"closed", "waiting for keys", "open"};
  char buf[128];
  char *s;

  elements = smartlist_create();

  if (verbose) {
    const char *nickname = build_state_get_exit_nickname(circ->build_state);
    tor_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%s circ (length %d%s%s):",
                 circ->build_state->is_internal ? "internal" : "exit",
                 circ->build_state->need_uptime ? " (high-uptime)" : "",
                 circ->build_state->desired_path_len,
                 circ->_base.state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN ? "" : ", exit ",
                 circ->_base.state == CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN ? "" :
                 (nickname?nickname:"*unnamed*"));
    smartlist_add(elements, tor_strdup(buf));
  }

  hop = circ->cpath;
  do {
    routerinfo_t *ri;
    routerstatus_t *rs;
    char *elt;
    const char *id;
    if (!hop)
      break;
    id = hop->extend_info->identity_digest;
    if (!verbose && hop->state != CPATH_STATE_OPEN)
      break;
    if (!hop->extend_info)
      break;
    if (verbose_names) {
      elt = tor_malloc(MAX_VERBOSE_NICKNAME_LEN+1);
      if ((ri = router_get_by_digest(id))) {
        router_get_verbose_nickname(elt, ri);
      } else if ((rs = router_get_consensus_status_by_id(id))) {
        routerstatus_get_verbose_nickname(elt, rs);
      } else if (hop->extend_info->nickname &&
                 is_legal_nickname(hop->extend_info->nickname)) {
        elt[0] = '$';
        base16_encode(elt+1, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1, id, DIGEST_LEN);
        elt[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1]= '~';
        strlcpy(elt+HEX_DIGEST_LEN+2,
                hop->extend_info->nickname, MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1);
      } else {
        elt[0] = '$';
        base16_encode(elt+1, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1, id, DIGEST_LEN);
      }
    } else { /* ! verbose_names */
      if ((ri = router_get_by_digest(id)) &&
          ri->is_named) {
        elt = tor_strdup(hop->extend_info->nickname);
      } else {
        elt = tor_malloc(HEX_DIGEST_LEN+2);
        elt[0] = '$';
        base16_encode(elt+1, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1, id, DIGEST_LEN);
      }
    }
    tor_assert(elt);
    if (verbose) {
      size_t len = strlen(elt)+2+strlen(states[hop->state])+1;
      char *v = tor_malloc(len);
      tor_assert(hop->state <= 2);
      tor_snprintf(v,len,"%s(%s)",elt,states[hop->state]);
      smartlist_add(elements, v);
      tor_free(elt);
    } else {
      smartlist_add(elements, elt);
    }
    hop = hop->next;
  } while (hop != circ->cpath);

  s = smartlist_join_strings(elements, verbose?" ":",", 0, NULL);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(elements, char*, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_free(elements);
  return s;
}

/** If <b>verbose</b> is false, allocate and return a comma-separated
 * list of the currently built elements of circuit_t.  If
 * <b>verbose</b> is true, also list information about link status in
 * a more verbose format using spaces.
 */
char *
circuit_list_path(origin_circuit_t *circ, int verbose)
{
  return circuit_list_path_impl(circ, verbose, 0);
}

/** Allocate and return a comma-separated list of the currently built elements
 * of circuit_t, giving each as a verbose nickname.
 */
char *
circuit_list_path_for_controller(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  return circuit_list_path_impl(circ, 0, 1);
}

/** Log, at severity <b>severity</b>, the nicknames of each router in
 * circ's cpath. Also log the length of the cpath, and the intended
 * exit point.
 */
void
circuit_log_path(int severity, unsigned int domain, origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  char *s = circuit_list_path(circ,1);
  log(severity,domain,"%s",s);
  tor_free(s);
}

/** Tell the rep(utation)hist(ory) module about the status of the links
 * in circ.  Hops that have become OPEN are marked as successfully
 * extended; the _first_ hop that isn't open (if any) is marked as
 * unable to extend.
 */
/* XXXX Someday we should learn from OR circuits too. */
void
circuit_rep_hist_note_result(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop;
  char *prev_digest = NULL;
  routerinfo_t *router;
  hop = circ->cpath;
  if (!hop) /* circuit hasn't started building yet. */
    return;
  if (server_mode(get_options())) {
    routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    if (!me)
      return;
    prev_digest = me->cache_info.identity_digest;
  }
  do {
    router = router_get_by_digest(hop->extend_info->identity_digest);
    if (router) {
      if (prev_digest) {
        if (hop->state == CPATH_STATE_OPEN)
          rep_hist_note_extend_succeeded(prev_digest,
                                         router->cache_info.identity_digest);
        else {
          rep_hist_note_extend_failed(prev_digest,
                                      router->cache_info.identity_digest);
          break;
        }
      }
      prev_digest = router->cache_info.identity_digest;
    } else {
      prev_digest = NULL;
    }
    hop=hop->next;
  } while (hop!=circ->cpath);
}

/** Pick all the entries in our cpath. Stop and return 0 when we're
 * happy, or return -1 if an error occurs. */
static int
onion_populate_cpath(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  int r;
again:
  r = onion_extend_cpath(circ);
  if (r < 0) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,"Generating cpath hop failed.");
    return -1;
  }
  if (r == 0)
    goto again;
  return 0; /* if r == 1 */
}

/** Create and return a new origin circuit. Initialize its purpose and
 * build-state based on our arguments.  The <b>flags</b> argument is a
 * bitfield of CIRCLAUNCH_* flags. */
origin_circuit_t *
origin_circuit_init(uint8_t purpose, int flags)
{
  /* sets circ->p_circ_id and circ->p_conn */
  origin_circuit_t *circ = origin_circuit_new();
  circuit_set_state(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_STATE_OR_WAIT);
  circ->build_state = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(cpath_build_state_t));
  circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel =
    ((flags & CIRCLAUNCH_ONEHOP_TUNNEL) ? 1 : 0);
  circ->build_state->need_uptime =
    ((flags & CIRCLAUNCH_NEED_UPTIME) ? 1 : 0);
  circ->build_state->need_capacity =
    ((flags & CIRCLAUNCH_NEED_CAPACITY) ? 1 : 0);
  circ->build_state->is_internal =
    ((flags & CIRCLAUNCH_IS_INTERNAL) ? 1 : 0);
  circ->_base.purpose = purpose;
  return circ;
}

/** Build a new circuit for <b>purpose</b>. If <b>exit</b>
 * is defined, then use that as your exit router, else choose a suitable
 * exit node.
 *
 * Also launch a connection to the first OR in the chosen path, if
 * it's not open already.
 */
origin_circuit_t *
circuit_establish_circuit(uint8_t purpose, extend_info_t *exit, int flags)
{
  origin_circuit_t *circ;
  int err_reason = 0;

  circ = origin_circuit_init(purpose, flags);

  if (onion_pick_cpath_exit(circ, exit) < 0 ||
      onion_populate_cpath(circ) < 0) {
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_NOPATH);
    return NULL;
  }

  control_event_circuit_status(circ, CIRC_EVENT_LAUNCHED, 0);

  if ((err_reason = circuit_handle_first_hop(circ)) < 0) {
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), -err_reason);
    return NULL;
  }
  return circ;
}

/** Start establishing the first hop of our circuit. Figure out what
 * OR we should connect to, and if necessary start the connection to
 * it. If we're already connected, then send the 'create' cell.
 * Return 0 for ok, -reason if circ should be marked-for-close. */
int
circuit_handle_first_hop(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  crypt_path_t *firsthop;
  or_connection_t *n_conn;
  int err_reason = 0;
  const char *msg = NULL;
  int should_launch = 0;

  firsthop = onion_next_hop_in_cpath(circ->cpath);
  tor_assert(firsthop);
  tor_assert(firsthop->extend_info);

  /* now see if we're already connected to the first OR in 'route' */
  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Looking for firsthop '%s:%u'",
            fmt_addr(&firsthop->extend_info->addr),
            firsthop->extend_info->port);

  n_conn = connection_or_get_for_extend(firsthop->extend_info->identity_digest,
                                        &firsthop->extend_info->addr,
                                        &msg,
                                        &should_launch);

  if (!n_conn) {
    /* not currently connected in a useful way. */
    const char *name = firsthop->extend_info->nickname ?
      firsthop->extend_info->nickname : fmt_addr(&firsthop->extend_info->addr);
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Next router is %s: %s ", safe_str(name), msg?msg:"???");
    circ->_base.n_hop = extend_info_dup(firsthop->extend_info);

    if (should_launch) {
      if (circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel)
        control_event_bootstrap(BOOTSTRAP_STATUS_CONN_DIR, 0);
      n_conn = connection_or_connect(&firsthop->extend_info->addr,
                                     firsthop->extend_info->port,
                                     firsthop->extend_info->identity_digest);
      if (!n_conn) { /* connect failed, forget the whole thing */
        log_info(LD_CIRC,"connect to firsthop failed. Closing.");
        return -END_CIRC_REASON_CONNECTFAILED;
      }
    }

    log_debug(LD_CIRC,"connecting in progress (or finished). Good.");
    /* return success. The onion/circuit/etc will be taken care of
     * automatically (may already have been) whenever n_conn reaches
     * OR_CONN_STATE_OPEN.
     */
    return 0;
  } else { /* it's already open. use it. */
    tor_assert(!circ->_base.n_hop);
    circ->_base.n_conn = n_conn;
    log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Conn open. Delivering first onion skin.");
    if ((err_reason = circuit_send_next_onion_skin(circ)) < 0) {
      log_info(LD_CIRC,"circuit_send_next_onion_skin failed.");
      return err_reason;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Find any circuits that are waiting on <b>or_conn</b> to become
 * open and get them to send their create cells forward.
 *
 * Status is 1 if connect succeeded, or 0 if connect failed.
 */
void
circuit_n_conn_done(or_connection_t *or_conn, int status)
{
  smartlist_t *pending_circs;
  int err_reason = 0;

  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"or_conn to %s/%s, status=%d",
            or_conn->nickname ? or_conn->nickname : "NULL",
            or_conn->_base.address, status);

  pending_circs = smartlist_create();
  circuit_get_all_pending_on_or_conn(pending_circs, or_conn);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(pending_circs, circuit_t *, circ)
    {
      /* These checks are redundant wrt get_all_pending_on_or_conn, but I'm
       * leaving them in in case it's possible for the status of a circuit to
       * change as we're going down the list. */
      if (circ->marked_for_close || circ->n_conn || !circ->n_hop ||
          circ->state != CIRCUIT_STATE_OR_WAIT)
        continue;

      if (tor_digest_is_zero(circ->n_hop->identity_digest)) {
        /* Look at addr/port. This is an unkeyed connection. */
        if (!tor_addr_eq(&circ->n_hop->addr, &or_conn->_base.addr) ||
            circ->n_hop->port != or_conn->_base.port)
          continue;
      } else {
        /* We expected a key. See if it's the right one. */
        if (memcmp(or_conn->identity_digest,
                   circ->n_hop->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
          continue;
      }
      if (!status) { /* or_conn failed; close circ */
        log_info(LD_CIRC,"or_conn failed. Closing circ.");
        circuit_mark_for_close(circ, END_CIRC_REASON_OR_CONN_CLOSED);
        continue;
      }
      log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Found circ, sending create cell.");
      /* circuit_deliver_create_cell will set n_circ_id and add us to
       * orconn_circuid_circuit_map, so we don't need to call
       * set_circid_orconn here. */
      circ->n_conn = or_conn;
      extend_info_free(circ->n_hop);
      circ->n_hop = NULL;

      if (CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ)) {
        if ((err_reason =
             circuit_send_next_onion_skin(TO_ORIGIN_CIRCUIT(circ))) < 0) {
          log_info(LD_CIRC,
                   "send_next_onion_skin failed; circuit marked for closing.");
          circuit_mark_for_close(circ, -err_reason);
          continue;
          /* XXX could this be bad, eg if next_onion_skin failed because conn
           *     died? */
        }
      } else {
        /* pull the create cell out of circ->onionskin, and send it */
        tor_assert(circ->n_conn_onionskin);
        if (circuit_deliver_create_cell(circ,CELL_CREATE,
                                        circ->n_conn_onionskin)<0) {
          circuit_mark_for_close(circ, END_CIRC_REASON_RESOURCELIMIT);
          continue;
        }
        tor_free(circ->n_conn_onionskin);
        circuit_set_state(circ, CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN);
      }
    }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(circ);

  smartlist_free(pending_circs);
}

/** Find a new circid that isn't currently in use on the circ->n_conn
 * for the outgoing
 * circuit <b>circ</b>, and deliver a cell of type <b>cell_type</b>
 * (either CELL_CREATE or CELL_CREATE_FAST) with payload <b>payload</b>
 * to this circuit.
 * Return -1 if we failed to find a suitable circid, else return 0.
 */
static int
circuit_deliver_create_cell(circuit_t *circ, uint8_t cell_type,
                            const char *payload)
{
  cell_t cell;
  circid_t id;

  tor_assert(circ);
  tor_assert(circ->n_conn);
  tor_assert(payload);
  tor_assert(cell_type == CELL_CREATE || cell_type == CELL_CREATE_FAST);

  id = get_unique_circ_id_by_conn(circ->n_conn);
  if (!id) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC,"failed to get unique circID.");
    return -1;
  }
  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Chosen circID %u.", id);
  circuit_set_n_circid_orconn(circ, id, circ->n_conn);

  memset(&cell, 0, sizeof(cell_t));
  cell.command = cell_type;
  cell.circ_id = circ->n_circ_id;

  memcpy(cell.payload, payload, ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN);
  append_cell_to_circuit_queue(circ, circ->n_conn, &cell, CELL_DIRECTION_OUT);

  if (CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(circ)) {
    /* mark it so it gets better rate limiting treatment. */
    circ->n_conn->client_used = time(NULL);
  }

  return 0;
}

/** We've decided to start our reachability testing. If all
 * is set, log this to the user. Return 1 if we did, or 0 if
 * we chose not to log anything. */
int
inform_testing_reachability(void)
{
  char dirbuf[128];
  routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
  if (!me)
    return 0;
  control_event_server_status(LOG_NOTICE,
                              "CHECKING_REACHABILITY ORADDRESS=%s:%d",
                              me->address, me->or_port);
  if (me->dir_port) {
    tor_snprintf(dirbuf, sizeof(dirbuf), " and DirPort %s:%d",
                 me->address, me->dir_port);
    control_event_server_status(LOG_NOTICE,
                                "CHECKING_REACHABILITY DIRADDRESS=%s:%d",
                                me->address, me->dir_port);
  }
  log(LOG_NOTICE, LD_OR, "Now checking whether ORPort %s:%d%s %s reachable... "
                         "(this may take up to %d minutes -- look for log "
                         "messages indicating success)",
      me->address, me->or_port,
      me->dir_port ? dirbuf : "",
      me->dir_port ? "are" : "is",
      TIMEOUT_UNTIL_UNREACHABILITY_COMPLAINT/60);

  return 1;
}

/** Return true iff we should send a create_fast cell to start building a given
 * circuit */
static INLINE int
should_use_create_fast_for_circuit(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  tor_assert(circ->cpath);
  tor_assert(circ->cpath->extend_info);

  if (!circ->cpath->extend_info->onion_key)
    return 1; /* our hand is forced: only a create_fast will work. */
  if (!options->FastFirstHopPK)
    return 0; /* we prefer to avoid create_fast */
  if (server_mode(options)) {
    /* We're a server, and we know an onion key. We can choose.
     * Prefer to blend in. */
    return 0;
  }

  return 1;
}

/** This is the backbone function for building circuits.
 *
 * If circ's first hop is closed, then we need to build a create
 * cell and send it forward.
 *
 * Otherwise, we need to build a relay extend cell and send it
 * forward.
 *
 * Return -reason if we want to tear down circ, else return 0.
 */
int
circuit_send_next_onion_skin(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop;
  routerinfo_t *router;
  char payload[2+4+DIGEST_LEN+ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN];
  char *onionskin;
  size_t payload_len;

  tor_assert(circ);

  if (circ->cpath->state == CPATH_STATE_CLOSED) {
    int fast;
    uint8_t cell_type;
    log_debug(LD_CIRC,"First skin; sending create cell.");
    if (circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel)
      control_event_bootstrap(BOOTSTRAP_STATUS_ONEHOP_CREATE, 0);
    else
      control_event_bootstrap(BOOTSTRAP_STATUS_CIRCUIT_CREATE, 0);

    router = router_get_by_digest(circ->_base.n_conn->identity_digest);
    fast = should_use_create_fast_for_circuit(circ);
    if (!fast) {
      /* We are an OR and we know the right onion key: we should
       * send an old slow create cell.
       */
      cell_type = CELL_CREATE;
      if (onion_skin_create(circ->cpath->extend_info->onion_key,
                            &(circ->cpath->dh_handshake_state),
                            payload) < 0) {
        log_warn(LD_CIRC,"onion_skin_create (first hop) failed.");
        return - END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL;
      }
      note_request("cell: create", 1);
    } else {
      /* We are not an OR, and we're building the first hop of a circuit to a
       * new OR: we can be speedy and use CREATE_FAST to save an RSA operation
       * and a DH operation. */
      cell_type = CELL_CREATE_FAST;
      memset(payload, 0, sizeof(payload));
      crypto_rand(circ->cpath->fast_handshake_state,
                  sizeof(circ->cpath->fast_handshake_state));
      memcpy(payload, circ->cpath->fast_handshake_state,
             sizeof(circ->cpath->fast_handshake_state));
      note_request("cell: create fast", 1);
    }

    if (circuit_deliver_create_cell(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), cell_type, payload) < 0)
      return - END_CIRC_REASON_RESOURCELIMIT;

    circ->cpath->state = CPATH_STATE_AWAITING_KEYS;
    circuit_set_state(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_STATE_BUILDING);
    log_info(LD_CIRC,"First hop: finished sending %s cell to '%s'",
             fast ? "CREATE_FAST" : "CREATE",
             router ? router->nickname : "<unnamed>");
  } else {
    tor_assert(circ->cpath->state == CPATH_STATE_OPEN);
    tor_assert(circ->_base.state == CIRCUIT_STATE_BUILDING);
    log_debug(LD_CIRC,"starting to send subsequent skin.");
    hop = onion_next_hop_in_cpath(circ->cpath);
    if (!hop) {
      struct timeval end;
      tor_gettimeofday(&end);
      /* done building the circuit. whew. */
      circuit_set_state(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN);
      circuit_build_times_add_time(&circ_times,
                  tv_mdiff(&circ->_base.highres_created, &end));
      circuit_build_times_set_timeout(&circ_times);
      log_info(LD_CIRC,"circuit built!");
      circuit_reset_failure_count(0);
      if (circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel)
        control_event_bootstrap(BOOTSTRAP_STATUS_REQUESTING_STATUS, 0);
      if (!has_completed_circuit && !circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel) {
        or_options_t *options = get_options();
        has_completed_circuit=1;
        /* FFFF Log a count of known routers here */
        log(LOG_NOTICE, LD_GENERAL,
            "Tor has successfully opened a circuit. "
            "Looks like client functionality is working.");
        control_event_bootstrap(BOOTSTRAP_STATUS_DONE, 0);
        control_event_client_status(LOG_NOTICE, "CIRCUIT_ESTABLISHED");
        if (server_mode(options) && !check_whether_orport_reachable()) {
          inform_testing_reachability();
          consider_testing_reachability(1, 1);
        }
      }
      circuit_rep_hist_note_result(circ);
      circuit_has_opened(circ); /* do other actions as necessary */
      return 0;
    }

    if (tor_addr_family(&hop->extend_info->addr) != AF_INET) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Trying to extend to a non-IPv4 address.");
      return - END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL;
    }

    set_uint32(payload, tor_addr_to_ipv4n(&hop->extend_info->addr));
    set_uint16(payload+4, htons(hop->extend_info->port));

    onionskin = payload+2+4;
    memcpy(payload+2+4+ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN,
           hop->extend_info->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    payload_len = 2+4+ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN+DIGEST_LEN;

    if (onion_skin_create(hop->extend_info->onion_key,
                          &(hop->dh_handshake_state), onionskin) < 0) {
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,"onion_skin_create failed.");
      return - END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL;
    }

    log_info(LD_CIRC,"Sending extend relay cell.");
    note_request("cell: extend", 1);
    /* send it to hop->prev, because it will transfer
     * it to a create cell and then send to hop */
    if (relay_send_command_from_edge(0, TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
                                     RELAY_COMMAND_EXTEND,
                                     payload, payload_len, hop->prev) < 0)
      return 0; /* circuit is closed */

    hop->state = CPATH_STATE_AWAITING_KEYS;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Our clock just jumped by <b>seconds_elapsed</b>. Assume
 * something has also gone wrong with our network: notify the user,
 * and abandon all not-yet-used circuits. */
void
circuit_note_clock_jumped(int seconds_elapsed)
{
  int severity = server_mode(get_options()) ? LOG_WARN : LOG_NOTICE;
  log(severity, LD_GENERAL, "Your system clock just jumped %d seconds %s; "
      "assuming established circuits no longer work.",
      seconds_elapsed >=0 ? seconds_elapsed : -seconds_elapsed,
      seconds_elapsed >=0 ? "forward" : "backward");
  control_event_general_status(LOG_WARN, "CLOCK_JUMPED TIME=%d",
                               seconds_elapsed);
  has_completed_circuit=0; /* so it'll log when it works again */
  control_event_client_status(severity, "CIRCUIT_NOT_ESTABLISHED REASON=%s",
                              "CLOCK_JUMPED");
  circuit_mark_all_unused_circs();
  circuit_expire_all_dirty_circs();
}

/** Take the 'extend' <b>cell</b>, pull out addr/port plus the onion
 * skin and identity digest for the next hop. If we're already connected,
 * pass the onion skin to the next hop using a create cell; otherwise
 * launch a new OR connection, and <b>circ</b> will notice when the
 * connection succeeds or fails.
 *
 * Return -1 if we want to warn and tear down the circuit, else return 0.
 */
int
circuit_extend(cell_t *cell, circuit_t *circ)
{
  or_connection_t *n_conn;
  relay_header_t rh;
  char *onionskin;
  char *id_digest=NULL;
  uint32_t n_addr32;
  uint16_t n_port;
  tor_addr_t n_addr;
  const char *msg = NULL;
  int should_launch = 0;

  if (circ->n_conn) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "n_conn already set. Bug/attack. Closing.");
    return -1;
  }
  if (circ->n_hop) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "conn to next hop already launched. Bug/attack. Closing.");
    return -1;
  }

  if (!server_mode(get_options())) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "Got an extend cell, but running as a client. Closing.");
    return -1;
  }

  relay_header_unpack(&rh, cell->payload);

  if (rh.length < 4+2+ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN+DIGEST_LEN) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "Wrong length %d on extend cell. Closing circuit.",
           rh.length);
    return -1;
  }

  n_addr32 = ntohl(get_uint32(cell->payload+RELAY_HEADER_SIZE));
  n_port = ntohs(get_uint16(cell->payload+RELAY_HEADER_SIZE+4));
  onionskin = cell->payload+RELAY_HEADER_SIZE+4+2;
  id_digest = cell->payload+RELAY_HEADER_SIZE+4+2+ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN;
  tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&n_addr, n_addr32);

  if (!n_port || !n_addr32) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "Client asked me to extend to zero destination port or addr.");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Check if they asked us for 0000..0000. We support using
   * an empty fingerprint for the first hop (e.g. for a bridge relay),
   * but we don't want to let people send us extend cells for empty
   * fingerprints -- a) because it opens the user up to a mitm attack,
   * and b) because it lets an attacker force the relay to hold open a
   * new TLS connection for each extend request. */
  if (tor_digest_is_zero(id_digest)) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "Client asked me to extend without specifying an id_digest.");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Next, check if we're being asked to connect to the hop that the
   * extend cell came from. There isn't any reason for that, and it can
   * assist circular-path attacks. */
  if (!memcmp(id_digest, TO_OR_CIRCUIT(circ)->p_conn->identity_digest,
              DIGEST_LEN)) {
    log_fn(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN, LD_PROTOCOL,
           "Client asked me to extend back to the previous hop.");
    return -1;
  }

  n_conn = connection_or_get_for_extend(id_digest,
                                        &n_addr,
                                        &msg,
                                        &should_launch);

  if (!n_conn) {
    log_debug(LD_CIRC|LD_OR,"Next router (%s:%d): %s",
              fmt_addr(&n_addr), (int)n_port, msg?msg:"????");

    circ->n_hop = extend_info_alloc(NULL /*nickname*/,
                                    id_digest,
                                    NULL /*onion_key*/,
                                    &n_addr, n_port);

    circ->n_conn_onionskin = tor_malloc(ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN);
    memcpy(circ->n_conn_onionskin, onionskin, ONIONSKIN_CHALLENGE_LEN);
    circuit_set_state(circ, CIRCUIT_STATE_OR_WAIT);

    if (should_launch) {
      /* we should try to open a connection */
      n_conn = connection_or_connect(&n_addr, n_port, id_digest);
      if (!n_conn) {
        log_info(LD_CIRC,"Launching n_conn failed. Closing circuit.");
        circuit_mark_for_close(circ, END_CIRC_REASON_CONNECTFAILED);
        return 0;
      }
      log_debug(LD_CIRC,"connecting in progress (or finished). Good.");
    }
    /* return success. The onion/circuit/etc will be taken care of
     * automatically (may already have been) whenever n_conn reaches
     * OR_CONN_STATE_OPEN.
     */
    return 0;
  }

  tor_assert(!circ->n_hop); /* Connection is already established. */
  circ->n_conn = n_conn;
  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"n_conn is %s:%u",
            n_conn->_base.address,n_conn->_base.port);

  if (circuit_deliver_create_cell(circ, CELL_CREATE, onionskin) < 0)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** Initialize cpath-\>{f|b}_{crypto|digest} from the key material in
 * key_data.  key_data must contain CPATH_KEY_MATERIAL bytes, which are
 * used as follows:
 *   - 20 to initialize f_digest
 *   - 20 to initialize b_digest
 *   - 16 to key f_crypto
 *   - 16 to key b_crypto
 *
 * (If 'reverse' is true, then f_XX and b_XX are swapped.)
 */
int
circuit_init_cpath_crypto(crypt_path_t *cpath, const char *key_data,
                          int reverse)
{
  crypto_digest_env_t *tmp_digest;
  crypto_cipher_env_t *tmp_crypto;

  tor_assert(cpath);
  tor_assert(key_data);
  tor_assert(!(cpath->f_crypto || cpath->b_crypto ||
             cpath->f_digest || cpath->b_digest));

  cpath->f_digest = crypto_new_digest_env();
  crypto_digest_add_bytes(cpath->f_digest, key_data, DIGEST_LEN);
  cpath->b_digest = crypto_new_digest_env();
  crypto_digest_add_bytes(cpath->b_digest, key_data+DIGEST_LEN, DIGEST_LEN);

  if (!(cpath->f_crypto =
        crypto_create_init_cipher(key_data+(2*DIGEST_LEN),1))) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Forward cipher initialization failed.");
    return -1;
  }
  if (!(cpath->b_crypto =
        crypto_create_init_cipher(key_data+(2*DIGEST_LEN)+CIPHER_KEY_LEN,0))) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Backward cipher initialization failed.");
    return -1;
  }

  if (reverse) {
    tmp_digest = cpath->f_digest;
    cpath->f_digest = cpath->b_digest;
    cpath->b_digest = tmp_digest;
    tmp_crypto = cpath->f_crypto;
    cpath->f_crypto = cpath->b_crypto;
    cpath->b_crypto = tmp_crypto;
  }

  return 0;
}

/** A created or extended cell came back to us on the circuit, and it included
 * <b>reply</b> as its body.  (If <b>reply_type</b> is CELL_CREATED, the body
 * contains (the second DH key, plus KH).  If <b>reply_type</b> is
 * CELL_CREATED_FAST, the body contains a secret y and a hash H(x|y).)
 *
 * Calculate the appropriate keys and digests, make sure KH is
 * correct, and initialize this hop of the cpath.
 *
 * Return - reason if we want to mark circ for close, else return 0.
 */
int
circuit_finish_handshake(origin_circuit_t *circ, uint8_t reply_type,
                         const char *reply)
{
  char keys[CPATH_KEY_MATERIAL_LEN];
  crypt_path_t *hop;

  if (circ->cpath->state == CPATH_STATE_AWAITING_KEYS)
    hop = circ->cpath;
  else {
    hop = onion_next_hop_in_cpath(circ->cpath);
    if (!hop) { /* got an extended when we're all done? */
      log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,"got extended when circ already built? Closing.");
      return - END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL;
    }
  }
  tor_assert(hop->state == CPATH_STATE_AWAITING_KEYS);

  if (reply_type == CELL_CREATED && hop->dh_handshake_state) {
    if (onion_skin_client_handshake(hop->dh_handshake_state, reply, keys,
                                    DIGEST_LEN*2+CIPHER_KEY_LEN*2) < 0) {
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,"onion_skin_client_handshake failed.");
      return -END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL;
    }
    /* Remember hash of g^xy */
    memcpy(hop->handshake_digest, reply+DH_KEY_LEN, DIGEST_LEN);
  } else if (reply_type == CELL_CREATED_FAST && !hop->dh_handshake_state) {
    if (fast_client_handshake(hop->fast_handshake_state, reply, keys,
                              DIGEST_LEN*2+CIPHER_KEY_LEN*2) < 0) {
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,"fast_client_handshake failed.");
      return -END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL;
    }
    memcpy(hop->handshake_digest, reply+DIGEST_LEN, DIGEST_LEN);
  } else {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,"CREATED cell type did not match CREATE cell type.");
    return -END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL;
  }

  if (hop->dh_handshake_state) {
    crypto_dh_free(hop->dh_handshake_state); /* don't need it anymore */
    hop->dh_handshake_state = NULL;
  }
  memset(hop->fast_handshake_state, 0, sizeof(hop->fast_handshake_state));

  if (circuit_init_cpath_crypto(hop, keys, 0)<0) {
    return -END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL;
  }

  hop->state = CPATH_STATE_OPEN;
  log_info(LD_CIRC,"Finished building %scircuit hop:",
           (reply_type == CELL_CREATED_FAST) ? "fast " : "");
  circuit_log_path(LOG_INFO,LD_CIRC,circ);
  control_event_circuit_status(circ, CIRC_EVENT_EXTENDED, 0);

  return 0;
}

/** We received a relay truncated cell on circ.
 *
 * Since we don't ask for truncates currently, getting a truncated
 * means that a connection broke or an extend failed. For now,
 * just give up: for circ to close, and return 0.
 */
int
circuit_truncated(origin_circuit_t *circ, crypt_path_t *layer)
{
//  crypt_path_t *victim;
//  connection_t *stream;

  tor_assert(circ);
  tor_assert(layer);

  /* XXX Since we don't ask for truncates currently, getting a truncated
   *     means that a connection broke or an extend failed. For now,
   *     just give up.
   */
  circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
          END_CIRC_REASON_FLAG_REMOTE|END_CIRC_REASON_OR_CONN_CLOSED);
  return 0;

#if 0
  while (layer->next != circ->cpath) {
    /* we need to clear out layer->next */
    victim = layer->next;
    log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Killing a layer of the cpath.");

    for (stream = circ->p_streams; stream; stream=stream->next_stream) {
      if (stream->cpath_layer == victim) {
        log_info(LD_APP, "Marking stream %d for close because of truncate.",
                 stream->stream_id);
        /* no need to send 'end' relay cells,
         * because the other side's already dead
         */
        connection_mark_unattached_ap(stream, END_STREAM_REASON_DESTROY);
      }
    }

    layer->next = victim->next;
    circuit_free_cpath_node(victim);
  }

  log_info(LD_CIRC, "finished");
  return 0;
#endif
}

/** Given a response payload and keys, initialize, then send a created
 * cell back.
 */
int
onionskin_answer(or_circuit_t *circ, uint8_t cell_type, const char *payload,
                 const char *keys)
{
  cell_t cell;
  crypt_path_t *tmp_cpath;

  tmp_cpath = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(crypt_path_t));
  tmp_cpath->magic = CRYPT_PATH_MAGIC;

  memset(&cell, 0, sizeof(cell_t));
  cell.command = cell_type;
  cell.circ_id = circ->p_circ_id;

  circuit_set_state(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_STATE_OPEN);

  memcpy(cell.payload, payload,
         cell_type == CELL_CREATED ? ONIONSKIN_REPLY_LEN : DIGEST_LEN*2);

  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"init digest forward 0x%.8x, backward 0x%.8x.",
            (unsigned int)*(uint32_t*)(keys),
            (unsigned int)*(uint32_t*)(keys+20));
  if (circuit_init_cpath_crypto(tmp_cpath, keys, 0)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Circuit initialization failed");
    tor_free(tmp_cpath);
    return -1;
  }
  circ->n_digest = tmp_cpath->f_digest;
  circ->n_crypto = tmp_cpath->f_crypto;
  circ->p_digest = tmp_cpath->b_digest;
  circ->p_crypto = tmp_cpath->b_crypto;
  tmp_cpath->magic = 0;
  tor_free(tmp_cpath);

  if (cell_type == CELL_CREATED)
    memcpy(circ->handshake_digest, cell.payload+DH_KEY_LEN, DIGEST_LEN);
  else
    memcpy(circ->handshake_digest, cell.payload+DIGEST_LEN, DIGEST_LEN);

  circ->is_first_hop = (cell_type == CELL_CREATED_FAST);

  append_cell_to_circuit_queue(TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
                               circ->p_conn, &cell, CELL_DIRECTION_IN);
  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Finished sending 'created' cell.");

  if (!is_local_addr(&circ->p_conn->_base.addr) &&
      !connection_or_nonopen_was_started_here(circ->p_conn)) {
    /* record that we could process create cells from a non-local conn
     * that we didn't initiate; presumably this means that create cells
     * can reach us too. */
    router_orport_found_reachable();
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Choose a length for a circuit of purpose <b>purpose</b>.
 * Default length is 3 + the number of endpoints that would give something
 * away. If the routerlist <b>routers</b> doesn't have enough routers
 * to handle the desired path length, return as large a path length as
 * is feasible, except if it's less than 2, in which case return -1.
 */
static int
new_route_len(uint8_t purpose, extend_info_t *exit,
              smartlist_t *routers)
{
  int num_acceptable_routers;
  int routelen;

  tor_assert(routers);

  routelen = 3;
  if (exit &&
      purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING &&
      purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO)
    routelen++;

  num_acceptable_routers = count_acceptable_routers(routers);

  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Chosen route length %d (%d/%d routers suitable).",
            routelen, num_acceptable_routers, smartlist_len(routers));

  if (num_acceptable_routers < 2) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
             "Not enough acceptable routers (%d). Discarding this circuit.",
             num_acceptable_routers);
    return -1;
  }

  if (num_acceptable_routers < routelen) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,"Not enough routers: cutting routelen from %d to %d.",
             routelen, num_acceptable_routers);
    routelen = num_acceptable_routers;
  }

  return routelen;
}

/** Fetch the list of predicted ports, dup it into a smartlist of
 * uint16_t's, remove the ones that are already handled by an
 * existing circuit, and return it.
 */
static smartlist_t *
circuit_get_unhandled_ports(time_t now)
{
  smartlist_t *source = rep_hist_get_predicted_ports(now);
  smartlist_t *dest = smartlist_create();
  uint16_t *tmp;
  int i;

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(source); ++i) {
    tmp = tor_malloc(sizeof(uint16_t));
    memcpy(tmp, smartlist_get(source, i), sizeof(uint16_t));
    smartlist_add(dest, tmp);
  }

  circuit_remove_handled_ports(dest);
  return dest;
}

/** Return 1 if we already have circuits present or on the way for
 * all anticipated ports. Return 0 if we should make more.
 *
 * If we're returning 0, set need_uptime and need_capacity to
 * indicate any requirements that the unhandled ports have.
 */
int
circuit_all_predicted_ports_handled(time_t now, int *need_uptime,
                                    int *need_capacity)
{
  int i, enough;
  uint16_t *port;
  smartlist_t *sl = circuit_get_unhandled_ports(now);
  smartlist_t *LongLivedServices = get_options()->LongLivedPorts;
  tor_assert(need_uptime);
  tor_assert(need_capacity);
  enough = (smartlist_len(sl) == 0);
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(sl); ++i) {
    port = smartlist_get(sl, i);
    if (smartlist_string_num_isin(LongLivedServices, *port))
      *need_uptime = 1;
    tor_free(port);
  }
  smartlist_free(sl);
  return enough;
}

/** Return 1 if <b>router</b> can handle one or more of the ports in
 * <b>needed_ports</b>, else return 0.
 */
static int
router_handles_some_port(routerinfo_t *router, smartlist_t *needed_ports)
{
  int i;
  uint16_t port;

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(needed_ports); ++i) {
    addr_policy_result_t r;
    port = *(uint16_t *)smartlist_get(needed_ports, i);
    tor_assert(port);
    r = compare_addr_to_addr_policy(0, port, router->exit_policy);
    if (r != ADDR_POLICY_REJECTED && r != ADDR_POLICY_PROBABLY_REJECTED)
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Return true iff <b>conn</b> needs another general circuit to be
 * built. */
static int
ap_stream_wants_exit_attention(connection_t *conn)
{
  if (conn->type == CONN_TYPE_AP &&
      conn->state == AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT &&
      !conn->marked_for_close &&
      !(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn)->want_onehop) && /* ignore one-hop streams */
      !(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn)->use_begindir) && /* ignore targeted dir fetches */
      !(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn)->chosen_exit_name) && /* ignore defined streams */
      !connection_edge_is_rendezvous_stream(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn)) &&
      !circuit_stream_is_being_handled(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn), 0,
                                       MIN_CIRCUITS_HANDLING_STREAM))
    return 1;
  return 0;
}

/** Return a pointer to a suitable router to be the exit node for the
 * general-purpose circuit we're about to build.
 *
 * Look through the connection array, and choose a router that maximizes
 * the number of pending streams that can exit from this router.
 *
 * Return NULL if we can't find any suitable routers.
 */
static routerinfo_t *
choose_good_exit_server_general(routerlist_t *dir, int need_uptime,
                                int need_capacity)
{
  int *n_supported;
  int i;
  int n_pending_connections = 0;
  smartlist_t *connections;
  int best_support = -1;
  int n_best_support=0;
  routerinfo_t *router;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();

  connections = get_connection_array();

  /* Count how many connections are waiting for a circuit to be built.
   * We use this for log messages now, but in the future we may depend on it.
   */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(connections, connection_t *, conn,
  {
    if (ap_stream_wants_exit_attention(conn))
      ++n_pending_connections;
  });
//  log_fn(LOG_DEBUG, "Choosing exit node; %d connections are pending",
//         n_pending_connections);
  /* Now we count, for each of the routers in the directory, how many
   * of the pending connections could possibly exit from that
   * router (n_supported[i]). (We can't be sure about cases where we
   * don't know the IP address of the pending connection.)
   *
   * -1 means "Don't use this router at all."
   */
  n_supported = tor_malloc(sizeof(int)*smartlist_len(dir->routers));
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(dir->routers); ++i) {/* iterate over routers */
    router = smartlist_get(dir->routers, i);
    if (router_is_me(router)) {
      n_supported[i] = -1;
//      log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Skipping node %s -- it's me.", router->nickname);
      /* XXX there's probably a reverse predecessor attack here, but
       * it's slow. should we take this out? -RD
       */
      continue;
    }
    if (!router->is_running || router->is_bad_exit) {
      n_supported[i] = -1;
      continue; /* skip routers that are known to be down or bad exits */
    }
    if (router_is_unreliable(router, need_uptime, need_capacity, 0)) {
      n_supported[i] = -1;
      continue; /* skip routers that are not suitable */
    }
    if (!(router->is_valid || options->_AllowInvalid & ALLOW_INVALID_EXIT)) {
      /* if it's invalid and we don't want it */
      n_supported[i] = -1;
//      log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Skipping node %s (index %d) -- invalid router.",
//             router->nickname, i);
      continue; /* skip invalid routers */
    }
    if (options->ExcludeSingleHopRelays && router->allow_single_hop_exits) {
      n_supported[i] = -1;
      continue;
    }
    if (router_exit_policy_rejects_all(router)) {
      n_supported[i] = -1;
//      log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Skipping node %s (index %d) -- it rejects all.",
//             router->nickname, i);
      continue; /* skip routers that reject all */
    }
    n_supported[i] = 0;
    /* iterate over connections */
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(connections, connection_t *, conn,
    {
      if (!ap_stream_wants_exit_attention(conn))
        continue; /* Skip everything but APs in CIRCUIT_WAIT */
      if (connection_ap_can_use_exit(TO_EDGE_CONN(conn), router)) {
        ++n_supported[i];
//        log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"%s is supported. n_supported[%d] now %d.",
//               router->nickname, i, n_supported[i]);
      } else {
//        log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"%s (index %d) would reject this stream.",
//               router->nickname, i);
      }
    }); /* End looping over connections. */
    if (n_pending_connections > 0 && n_supported[i] == 0) {
      /* Leave best_support at -1 if that's where it is, so we can
       * distinguish it later. */
      continue;
    }
    if (n_supported[i] > best_support) {
      /* If this router is better than previous ones, remember its index
       * and goodness, and start counting how many routers are this good. */
      best_support = n_supported[i]; n_best_support=1;
//      log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"%s is new best supported option so far.",
//             router->nickname);
    } else if (n_supported[i] == best_support) {
      /* If this router is _as good_ as the best one, just increment the
       * count of equally good routers.*/
      ++n_best_support;
    }
  }
  log_info(LD_CIRC,
           "Found %d servers that might support %d/%d pending connections.",
           n_best_support, best_support >= 0 ? best_support : 0,
           n_pending_connections);

  /* If any routers definitely support any pending connections, choose one
   * at random. */
  if (best_support > 0) {
    smartlist_t *supporting = smartlist_create(), *use = smartlist_create();

    for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(dir->routers); i++)
      if (n_supported[i] == best_support)
        smartlist_add(supporting, smartlist_get(dir->routers, i));

    routersets_get_disjunction(use, supporting, options->ExitNodes,
                               options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion, 1);
    if (smartlist_len(use) == 0 && !options->StrictExitNodes) {
      routersets_get_disjunction(use, supporting, NULL,
                                 options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion, 1);
    }
    router = routerlist_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(use, WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT);
    smartlist_free(use);
    smartlist_free(supporting);
  } else {
    /* Either there are no pending connections, or no routers even seem to
     * possibly support any of them.  Choose a router at random that satisfies
     * at least one predicted exit port. */

    int try;
    smartlist_t *needed_ports, *supporting, *use;

    if (best_support == -1) {
      if (need_uptime || need_capacity) {
        log_info(LD_CIRC,
                 "We couldn't find any live%s%s routers; falling back "
                 "to list of all routers.",
                 need_capacity?", fast":"",
                 need_uptime?", stable":"");
        tor_free(n_supported);
        return choose_good_exit_server_general(dir, 0, 0);
      }
      log_notice(LD_CIRC, "All routers are down or won't exit -- choosing a "
                 "doomed exit at random.");
    }
    supporting = smartlist_create();
    use = smartlist_create();
    needed_ports = circuit_get_unhandled_ports(time(NULL));
    for (try = 0; try < 2; try++) {
      /* try once to pick only from routers that satisfy a needed port,
       * then if there are none, pick from any that support exiting. */
      for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(dir->routers); i++) {
        router = smartlist_get(dir->routers, i);
        if (n_supported[i] != -1 &&
            (try || router_handles_some_port(router, needed_ports))) {
//          log_fn(LOG_DEBUG,"Try %d: '%s' is a possibility.",
//                 try, router->nickname);
          smartlist_add(supporting, router);
        }
      }

      routersets_get_disjunction(use, supporting, options->ExitNodes,
                                 options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion, 1);
      if (smartlist_len(use) == 0 && !options->StrictExitNodes) {
        routersets_get_disjunction(use, supporting, NULL,
                                   options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion, 1);
      }
      /* XXX sometimes the above results in null, when the requested
       * exit node is down. we should pick it anyway. */
      router = routerlist_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(use, WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT);
      if (router)
        break;
      smartlist_clear(supporting);
      smartlist_clear(use);
    }
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(needed_ports, uint16_t *, cp, tor_free(cp));
    smartlist_free(needed_ports);
    smartlist_free(use);
    smartlist_free(supporting);
  }

  tor_free(n_supported);
  if (router) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Chose exit server '%s'", router->nickname);
    return router;
  }
  if (options->StrictExitNodes) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC,
             "No specified exit routers seem to be running, and "
             "StrictExitNodes is set: can't choose an exit.");
  }
  return NULL;
}

/** Return a pointer to a suitable router to be the exit node for the
 * circuit of purpose <b>purpose</b> that we're about to build (or NULL
 * if no router is suitable).
 *
 * For general-purpose circuits, pass it off to
 * choose_good_exit_server_general()
 *
 * For client-side rendezvous circuits, choose a random node, weighted
 * toward the preferences in 'options'.
 */
static routerinfo_t *
choose_good_exit_server(uint8_t purpose, routerlist_t *dir,
                        int need_uptime, int need_capacity, int is_internal)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  router_crn_flags_t flags = 0;
  if (need_uptime)
    flags |= CRN_NEED_UPTIME;
  if (need_capacity)
    flags |= CRN_NEED_CAPACITY;

  switch (purpose) {
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
      if (options->_AllowInvalid & ALLOW_INVALID_MIDDLE)
        flags |= CRN_ALLOW_INVALID;
      if (is_internal) /* pick it like a middle hop */
        return router_choose_random_node(NULL, NULL,
                                         options->ExcludeNodes, flags);
      else
        return choose_good_exit_server_general(dir,need_uptime,need_capacity);
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
      if (options->_AllowInvalid & ALLOW_INVALID_RENDEZVOUS)
        flags |= CRN_ALLOW_INVALID;
      return router_choose_random_node(NULL, NULL,
                                       options->ExcludeNodes, flags);
  }
  log_warn(LD_BUG,"Unhandled purpose %d", purpose);
  tor_fragile_assert();
  return NULL;
}

/** Log a warning if the user specified an exit for the circuit that
 * has been excluded from use by ExcludeNodes or ExcludeExitNodes. */
static void
warn_if_last_router_excluded(origin_circuit_t *circ, const extend_info_t *exit)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  routerset_t *rs = options->ExcludeNodes;
  const char *description;
  int domain = LD_CIRC;
  uint8_t purpose = circ->_base.purpose;

  if (circ->build_state->onehop_tunnel)
    return;

  switch (purpose)
    {
    default:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_OR:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_INTRO_POINT:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_REND_POINT_WAITING:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_REND_ESTABLISHED:
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Called on non-origin circuit (purpose %d)",
               (int)purpose);
      return;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL:
      if (circ->build_state->is_internal)
        return;
      description = "Requested exit node";
      rs = options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion;
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACKED:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_ESTABLISH_INTRO:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_CONNECT_REND:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_S_REND_JOINED:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING:
      return;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED:
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED:
      description = "Chosen rendezvous point";
      domain = LD_BUG;
      break;
    case CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_CONTROLLER:
      rs = options->_ExcludeExitNodesUnion;
      description = "Controller-selected circuit target";
      break;
    }

  if (routerset_contains_extendinfo(rs, exit)) {
    log_fn(LOG_WARN, domain, "%s '%s' is in ExcludeNodes%s. Using anyway "
           "(circuit purpose %d).",
           description,exit->nickname,
           rs==options->ExcludeNodes?"":" or ExcludeExitNodes",
           (int)purpose);
    circuit_log_path(LOG_WARN, domain, circ);
  }

  return;
}

/** Decide a suitable length for circ's cpath, and pick an exit
 * router (or use <b>exit</b> if provided). Store these in the
 * cpath. Return 0 if ok, -1 if circuit should be closed. */
static int
onion_pick_cpath_exit(origin_circuit_t *circ, extend_info_t *exit)
{
  cpath_build_state_t *state = circ->build_state;
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();

  if (state->onehop_tunnel) {
    log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Launching a one-hop circuit for dir tunnel.");
    state->desired_path_len = 1;
  } else {
    int r = new_route_len(circ->_base.purpose, exit, rl->routers);
    if (r < 1) /* must be at least 1 */
      return -1;
    state->desired_path_len = r;
  }

  if (exit) { /* the circuit-builder pre-requested one */
    warn_if_last_router_excluded(circ, exit);
    log_info(LD_CIRC,"Using requested exit node '%s'", exit->nickname);
    exit = extend_info_dup(exit);
  } else { /* we have to decide one */
    routerinfo_t *router =
      choose_good_exit_server(circ->_base.purpose, rl, state->need_uptime,
                              state->need_capacity, state->is_internal);
    if (!router) {
      log_warn(LD_CIRC,"failed to choose an exit server");
      return -1;
    }
    exit = extend_info_from_router(router);
  }
  state->chosen_exit = exit;
  return 0;
}

/** Give <b>circ</b> a new exit destination to <b>exit</b>, and add a
 * hop to the cpath reflecting this. Don't send the next extend cell --
 * the caller will do this if it wants to.
 */
int
circuit_append_new_exit(origin_circuit_t *circ, extend_info_t *exit)
{
  cpath_build_state_t *state;
  tor_assert(exit);
  tor_assert(circ);

  state = circ->build_state;
  tor_assert(state);
  if (state->chosen_exit)
    extend_info_free(state->chosen_exit);
  state->chosen_exit = extend_info_dup(exit);

  ++circ->build_state->desired_path_len;
  onion_append_hop(&circ->cpath, exit);
  return 0;
}

/** Take an open <b>circ</b>, and add a new hop at the end, based on
 * <b>info</b>. Set its state back to CIRCUIT_STATE_BUILDING, and then
 * send the next extend cell to begin connecting to that hop.
 */
int
circuit_extend_to_new_exit(origin_circuit_t *circ, extend_info_t *exit)
{
  int err_reason = 0;
  warn_if_last_router_excluded(circ, exit);
  circuit_append_new_exit(circ, exit);
  circuit_set_state(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_STATE_BUILDING);
  if ((err_reason = circuit_send_next_onion_skin(circ))<0) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC, "Couldn't extend circuit to new point '%s'.",
             exit->nickname);
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), -err_reason);
    return -1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Return the number of routers in <b>routers</b> that are currently up
 * and available for building circuits through.
 */
static int
count_acceptable_routers(smartlist_t *routers)
{
  int i, n;
  int num=0;
  routerinfo_t *r;

  n = smartlist_len(routers);
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
    r = smartlist_get(routers, i);
//    log_debug(LD_CIRC,
//              "Contemplating whether router %d (%s) is a new option.",
//              i, r->nickname);
    if (r->is_running == 0) {
//      log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Nope, the directory says %d is not running.",i);
      goto next_i_loop;
    }
    if (r->is_valid == 0) {
//      log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Nope, the directory says %d is not valid.",i);
      goto next_i_loop;
      /* XXX This clause makes us count incorrectly: if AllowInvalidRouters
       * allows this node in some places, then we're getting an inaccurate
       * count. For now, be conservative and don't count it. But later we
       * should try to be smarter. */
    }
    num++;
//    log_debug(LD_CIRC,"I like %d. num_acceptable_routers now %d.",i, num);
    next_i_loop:
      ; /* C requires an explicit statement after the label */
  }

  return num;
}

/** Add <b>new_hop</b> to the end of the doubly-linked-list <b>head_ptr</b>.
 * This function is used to extend cpath by another hop.
 */
void
onion_append_to_cpath(crypt_path_t **head_ptr, crypt_path_t *new_hop)
{
  if (*head_ptr) {
    new_hop->next = (*head_ptr);
    new_hop->prev = (*head_ptr)->prev;
    (*head_ptr)->prev->next = new_hop;
    (*head_ptr)->prev = new_hop;
  } else {
    *head_ptr = new_hop;
    new_hop->prev = new_hop->next = new_hop;
  }
}

/** A helper function used by onion_extend_cpath(). Use <b>purpose</b>
 * and <b>state</b> and the cpath <b>head</b> (currently populated only
 * to length <b>cur_len</b> to decide a suitable middle hop for a
 * circuit. In particular, make sure we don't pick the exit node or its
 * family, and make sure we don't duplicate any previous nodes or their
 * families. */
static routerinfo_t *
choose_good_middle_server(uint8_t purpose,
                          cpath_build_state_t *state,
                          crypt_path_t *head,
                          int cur_len)
{
  int i;
  routerinfo_t *r, *choice;
  crypt_path_t *cpath;
  smartlist_t *excluded;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  router_crn_flags_t flags = 0;
  tor_assert(_CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_MIN <= purpose &&
             purpose <= _CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_MAX);

  log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Contemplating intermediate hop: random choice.");
  excluded = smartlist_create();
  if ((r = build_state_get_exit_router(state))) {
    smartlist_add(excluded, r);
    routerlist_add_family(excluded, r);
  }
  for (i = 0, cpath = head; i < cur_len; ++i, cpath=cpath->next) {
    if ((r = router_get_by_digest(cpath->extend_info->identity_digest))) {
      smartlist_add(excluded, r);
      routerlist_add_family(excluded, r);
    }
  }

  if (state->need_uptime)
    flags |= CRN_NEED_UPTIME;
  if (state->need_capacity)
    flags |= CRN_NEED_CAPACITY;
  if (options->_AllowInvalid & ALLOW_INVALID_MIDDLE)
    flags |= CRN_ALLOW_INVALID;
  choice = router_choose_random_node(NULL,
                                     excluded, options->ExcludeNodes, flags);
  smartlist_free(excluded);
  return choice;
}

/** Pick a good entry server for the circuit to be built according to
 * <b>state</b>.  Don't reuse a chosen exit (if any), don't use this
 * router (if we're an OR), and respect firewall settings; if we're
 * configured to use entry guards, return one.
 *
 * If <b>state</b> is NULL, we're choosing a router to serve as an entry
 * guard, not for any particular circuit.
 */
static routerinfo_t *
choose_good_entry_server(uint8_t purpose, cpath_build_state_t *state)
{
  routerinfo_t *r, *choice;
  smartlist_t *excluded;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  router_crn_flags_t flags = 0;

  if (state && options->UseEntryGuards &&
      (purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_TESTING || options->BridgeRelay)) {
    return choose_random_entry(state);
  }

  excluded = smartlist_create();

  if (state && (r = build_state_get_exit_router(state))) {
    smartlist_add(excluded, r);
    routerlist_add_family(excluded, r);
  }
  if (firewall_is_fascist_or()) {
    /*XXXX This could slow things down a lot; use a smarter implementation */
    /* exclude all ORs that listen on the wrong port, if anybody notices. */
    routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
    int i;

    for (i=0; i < smartlist_len(rl->routers); i++) {
      r = smartlist_get(rl->routers, i);
      if (!fascist_firewall_allows_or(r))
        smartlist_add(excluded, r);
    }
  }
  /* and exclude current entry guards, if applicable */
  if (options->UseEntryGuards && entry_guards) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry,
      {
        if ((r = router_get_by_digest(entry->identity))) {
          smartlist_add(excluded, r);
          routerlist_add_family(excluded, r);
        }
      });
  }

  if (state) {
    flags |= CRN_NEED_GUARD;
    if (state->need_uptime)
      flags |= CRN_NEED_UPTIME;
    if (state->need_capacity)
      flags |= CRN_NEED_CAPACITY;
  }
  if (options->_AllowInvalid & ALLOW_INVALID_ENTRY)
    flags |= CRN_ALLOW_INVALID;

  choice = router_choose_random_node(
           NULL,
           excluded,
           options->ExcludeNodes,
           flags);
  smartlist_free(excluded);
  return choice;
}

/** Return the first non-open hop in cpath, or return NULL if all
 * hops are open. */
static crypt_path_t *
onion_next_hop_in_cpath(crypt_path_t *cpath)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop = cpath;
  do {
    if (hop->state != CPATH_STATE_OPEN)
      return hop;
    hop = hop->next;
  } while (hop != cpath);
  return NULL;
}

/** Choose a suitable next hop in the cpath <b>head_ptr</b>,
 * based on <b>state</b>. Append the hop info to head_ptr.
 */
static int
onion_extend_cpath(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  uint8_t purpose = circ->_base.purpose;
  cpath_build_state_t *state = circ->build_state;
  int cur_len = circuit_get_cpath_len(circ);
  extend_info_t *info = NULL;

  if (cur_len >= state->desired_path_len) {
    log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Path is complete: %d steps long",
              state->desired_path_len);
    return 1;
  }

  log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Path is %d long; we want %d", cur_len,
            state->desired_path_len);

  if (cur_len == state->desired_path_len - 1) { /* Picking last node */
    info = extend_info_dup(state->chosen_exit);
  } else if (cur_len == 0) { /* picking first node */
    routerinfo_t *r = choose_good_entry_server(purpose, state);
    if (r)
      info = extend_info_from_router(r);
  } else {
    routerinfo_t *r =
      choose_good_middle_server(purpose, state, circ->cpath, cur_len);
    if (r)
      info = extend_info_from_router(r);
  }

  if (!info) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC,"Failed to find node for hop %d of our path. Discarding "
             "this circuit.", cur_len);
    return -1;
  }

  log_debug(LD_CIRC,"Chose router %s for hop %d (exit is %s)",
            info->nickname, cur_len+1, build_state_get_exit_nickname(state));

  onion_append_hop(&circ->cpath, info);
  extend_info_free(info);
  return 0;
}

/** Create a new hop, annotate it with information about its
 * corresponding router <b>choice</b>, and append it to the
 * end of the cpath <b>head_ptr</b>. */
static int
onion_append_hop(crypt_path_t **head_ptr, extend_info_t *choice)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(crypt_path_t));

  /* link hop into the cpath, at the end. */
  onion_append_to_cpath(head_ptr, hop);

  hop->magic = CRYPT_PATH_MAGIC;
  hop->state = CPATH_STATE_CLOSED;

  hop->extend_info = extend_info_dup(choice);

  hop->package_window = circuit_initial_package_window();
  hop->deliver_window = CIRCWINDOW_START;

  return 0;
}

/** Allocate a new extend_info object based on the various arguments. */
extend_info_t *
extend_info_alloc(const char *nickname, const char *digest,
                  crypto_pk_env_t *onion_key,
                  const tor_addr_t *addr, uint16_t port)
{
  extend_info_t *info = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(extend_info_t));
  memcpy(info->identity_digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  if (nickname)
    strlcpy(info->nickname, nickname, sizeof(info->nickname));
  if (onion_key)
    info->onion_key = crypto_pk_dup_key(onion_key);
  tor_addr_copy(&info->addr, addr);
  info->port = port;
  return info;
}

/** Allocate and return a new extend_info_t that can be used to build a
 * circuit to or through the router <b>r</b>. */
extend_info_t *
extend_info_from_router(routerinfo_t *r)
{
  tor_addr_t addr;
  tor_assert(r);
  tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&addr, r->addr);
  return extend_info_alloc(r->nickname, r->cache_info.identity_digest,
                           r->onion_pkey, &addr, r->or_port);
}

/** Release storage held by an extend_info_t struct. */
void
extend_info_free(extend_info_t *info)
{
  tor_assert(info);
  if (info->onion_key)
    crypto_free_pk_env(info->onion_key);
  tor_free(info);
}

/** Allocate and return a new extend_info_t with the same contents as
 * <b>info</b>. */
extend_info_t *
extend_info_dup(extend_info_t *info)
{
  extend_info_t *newinfo;
  tor_assert(info);
  newinfo = tor_malloc(sizeof(extend_info_t));
  memcpy(newinfo, info, sizeof(extend_info_t));
  if (info->onion_key)
    newinfo->onion_key = crypto_pk_dup_key(info->onion_key);
  else
    newinfo->onion_key = NULL;
  return newinfo;
}

/** Return the routerinfo_t for the chosen exit router in <b>state</b>.
 * If there is no chosen exit, or if we don't know the routerinfo_t for
 * the chosen exit, return NULL.
 */
routerinfo_t *
build_state_get_exit_router(cpath_build_state_t *state)
{
  if (!state || !state->chosen_exit)
    return NULL;
  return router_get_by_digest(state->chosen_exit->identity_digest);
}

/** Return the nickname for the chosen exit router in <b>state</b>. If
 * there is no chosen exit, or if we don't know the routerinfo_t for the
 * chosen exit, return NULL.
 */
const char *
build_state_get_exit_nickname(cpath_build_state_t *state)
{
  if (!state || !state->chosen_exit)
    return NULL;
  return state->chosen_exit->nickname;
}

/** Check whether the entry guard <b>e</b> is usable, given the directory
 * authorities' opinion about the router (stored in <b>ri</b>) and the user's
 * configuration (in <b>options</b>). Set <b>e</b>-&gt;bad_since
 * accordingly. Return true iff the entry guard's status changes.
 *
 * If it's not usable, set *<b>reason</b> to a static string explaining why.
 */
/*XXXX take a routerstatus, not a routerinfo. */
static int
entry_guard_set_status(entry_guard_t *e, routerinfo_t *ri,
                       time_t now, or_options_t *options, const char **reason)
{
  char buf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  int changed = 0;

  tor_assert(options);

  *reason = NULL;

  /* Do we want to mark this guard as bad? */
  if (!ri)
    *reason = "unlisted";
  else if (!ri->is_running)
    *reason = "down";
  else if (options->UseBridges && ri->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
    *reason = "not a bridge";
  else if (!options->UseBridges && !ri->is_possible_guard &&
           !routerset_contains_router(options->EntryNodes,ri))
    *reason = "not recommended as a guard";
  else if (routerset_contains_router(options->ExcludeNodes, ri))
    *reason = "excluded";

  if (*reason && ! e->bad_since) {
    /* Router is newly bad. */
    base16_encode(buf, sizeof(buf), e->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Entry guard %s (%s) is %s: marking as unusable.",
             e->nickname, buf, *reason);

    e->bad_since = now;
    control_event_guard(e->nickname, e->identity, "BAD");
    changed = 1;
  } else if (!*reason && e->bad_since) {
    /* There's nothing wrong with the router any more. */
    base16_encode(buf, sizeof(buf), e->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "Entry guard %s (%s) is no longer unusable: "
             "marking as ok.", e->nickname, buf);

    e->bad_since = 0;
    control_event_guard(e->nickname, e->identity, "GOOD");
    changed = 1;
  }
  return changed;
}

/** Return true iff enough time has passed since we last tried to connect
 * to the unreachable guard <b>e</b> that we're willing to try again. */
static int
entry_is_time_to_retry(entry_guard_t *e, time_t now)
{
  long diff;
  if (e->last_attempted < e->unreachable_since)
    return 1;
  diff = now - e->unreachable_since;
  if (diff < 6*60*60)
    return now > (e->last_attempted + 60*60);
  else if (diff < 3*24*60*60)
    return now > (e->last_attempted + 4*60*60);
  else if (diff < 7*24*60*60)
    return now > (e->last_attempted + 18*60*60);
  else
    return now > (e->last_attempted + 36*60*60);
}

/** Return the router corresponding to <b>e</b>, if <b>e</b> is
 * working well enough that we are willing to use it as an entry
 * right now. (Else return NULL.) In particular, it must be
 * - Listed as either up or never yet contacted;
 * - Present in the routerlist;
 * - Listed as 'stable' or 'fast' by the current dirserver consensus,
 *   if demanded by <b>need_uptime</b> or <b>need_capacity</b>;
 *   (This check is currently redundant with the Guard flag, but in
 *   the future that might change. Best to leave it in for now.)
 * - Allowed by our current ReachableORAddresses config option; and
 * - Currently thought to be reachable by us (unless assume_reachable
 *   is true).
 */
static INLINE routerinfo_t *
entry_is_live(entry_guard_t *e, int need_uptime, int need_capacity,
              int assume_reachable)
{
  routerinfo_t *r;
  if (e->bad_since)
    return NULL;
  /* no good if it's unreachable, unless assume_unreachable or can_retry. */
  if (!assume_reachable && !e->can_retry &&
      e->unreachable_since && !entry_is_time_to_retry(e, time(NULL)))
    return NULL;
  r = router_get_by_digest(e->identity);
  if (!r)
    return NULL;
  if (get_options()->UseBridges && r->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
    return NULL;
  if (!get_options()->UseBridges && r->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL)
    return NULL;
  if (router_is_unreliable(r, need_uptime, need_capacity, 0))
    return NULL;
  if (!fascist_firewall_allows_or(r))
    return NULL;
  return r;
}

/** Return the number of entry guards that we think are usable. */
static int
num_live_entry_guards(void)
{
  int n = 0;
  if (! entry_guards)
    return 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry,
    {
      if (entry_is_live(entry, 0, 1, 0))
        ++n;
    });
  return n;
}

/** If <b>digest</b> matches the identity of any node in the
 * entry_guards list, return that node. Else return NULL. */
static INLINE entry_guard_t *
is_an_entry_guard(const char *digest)
{
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry,
                    if (!memcmp(digest, entry->identity, DIGEST_LEN))
                      return entry;
                   );
  return NULL;
}

/** Dump a description of our list of entry guards to the log at level
 * <b>severity</b>. */
static void
log_entry_guards(int severity)
{
  smartlist_t *elements = smartlist_create();
  char buf[1024];
  char *s;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
    {
      tor_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s (%s%s)",
                   e->nickname,
                   entry_is_live(e, 0, 1, 0) ? "up " : "down ",
                   e->made_contact ? "made-contact" : "never-contacted");
      smartlist_add(elements, tor_strdup(buf));
    });

  s = smartlist_join_strings(elements, ",", 0, NULL);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(elements, char*, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_free(elements);
  log_fn(severity,LD_CIRC,"%s",s);
  tor_free(s);
}

/** Called when one or more guards that we would previously have used for some
 * purpose are no longer in use because a higher-priority guard has become
 * usable again. */
static void
control_event_guard_deferred(void)
{
  /* XXXX We don't actually have a good way to figure out _how many_ entries
   * are live for some purpose.  We need an entry_is_even_slightly_live()
   * function for this to work right.  NumEntryGuards isn't reliable: if we
   * need guards with weird properties, we can have more than that number
   * live.
   **/
#if 0
  int n = 0;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  if (!entry_guards)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry,
    {
      if (entry_is_live(entry, 0, 1, 0)) {
        if (n++ == options->NumEntryGuards) {
          control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "DEFERRED");
          return;
        }
      }
    });
#endif
}

/** Add a new (preferably stable and fast) router to our
 * entry_guards list. Return a pointer to the router if we succeed,
 * or NULL if we can't find any more suitable entries.
 *
 * If <b>chosen</b> is defined, use that one, and if it's not
 * already in our entry_guards list, put it at the *beginning*.
 * Else, put the one we pick at the end of the list. */
static routerinfo_t *
add_an_entry_guard(routerinfo_t *chosen, int reset_status)
{
  routerinfo_t *router;
  entry_guard_t *entry;

  if (chosen) {
    router = chosen;
    entry = is_an_entry_guard(router->cache_info.identity_digest);
    if (entry) {
      if (reset_status) {
        entry->bad_since = 0;
        entry->can_retry = 1;
      }
      return NULL;
    }
  } else {
    router = choose_good_entry_server(CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_GENERAL, NULL);
    if (!router)
      return NULL;
  }
  entry = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(entry_guard_t));
  log_info(LD_CIRC, "Chose '%s' as new entry guard.", router->nickname);
  strlcpy(entry->nickname, router->nickname, sizeof(entry->nickname));
  memcpy(entry->identity, router->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  entry->chosen_on_date = start_of_month(time(NULL));
  entry->chosen_by_version = tor_strdup(VERSION);
  if (chosen) /* prepend */
    smartlist_insert(entry_guards, 0, entry);
  else /* append */
    smartlist_add(entry_guards, entry);
  control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "NEW");
  control_event_guard_deferred();
  log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
  return router;
}

/** If the use of entry guards is configured, choose more entry guards
 * until we have enough in the list. */
static void
pick_entry_guards(void)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  int changed = 0;

  tor_assert(entry_guards);

  while (num_live_entry_guards() < options->NumEntryGuards) {
    if (!add_an_entry_guard(NULL, 0))
      break;
    changed = 1;
  }
  if (changed)
    entry_guards_changed();
}

/** How long (in seconds) do we allow an entry guard to be nonfunctional,
 * unlisted, excluded, or otherwise nonusable before we give up on it? */
#define ENTRY_GUARD_REMOVE_AFTER (30*24*60*60)

/** Release all storage held by <b>e</b>. */
static void
entry_guard_free(entry_guard_t *e)
{
  tor_assert(e);
  tor_free(e->chosen_by_version);
  tor_free(e);
}

/** Remove any entry guard which was selected by an unknown version of Tor,
 * or which was selected by a version of Tor that's known to select
 * entry guards badly. */
static int
remove_obsolete_entry_guards(void)
{
  int changed = 0, i;
  time_t this_month = start_of_month(time(NULL));

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(entry_guards); ++i) {
    entry_guard_t *entry = smartlist_get(entry_guards, i);
    const char *ver = entry->chosen_by_version;
    const char *msg = NULL;
    tor_version_t v;
    int version_is_bad = 0, date_is_bad = 0;
    if (!ver) {
      msg = "does not say what version of Tor it was selected by";
      version_is_bad = 1;
    } else if (tor_version_parse(ver, &v)) {
      msg = "does not seem to be from any recognized version of Tor";
      version_is_bad = 1;
    } else if ((tor_version_as_new_as(ver, "0.1.0.10-alpha") &&
                !tor_version_as_new_as(ver, "0.1.2.16-dev")) ||
               (tor_version_as_new_as(ver, "0.2.0.0-alpha") &&
                !tor_version_as_new_as(ver, "0.2.0.6-alpha"))) {
      msg = "was selected without regard for guard bandwidth";
      version_is_bad = 1;
    } else if (entry->chosen_on_date + 3600*24*35 < this_month) {
      /* It's been more than a month, and probably more like two since
       * chosen_on_date is clipped to the beginning of its month. */
      msg = "was selected several months ago";
      date_is_bad = 1;
    }

    if (version_is_bad || date_is_bad) { /* we need to drop it */
      char dbuf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
      tor_assert(msg);
      base16_encode(dbuf, sizeof(dbuf), entry->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
      log_fn(version_is_bad ? LOG_NOTICE : LOG_INFO, LD_CIRC,
             "Entry guard '%s' (%s) %s. (Version=%s.) Replacing it.",
             entry->nickname, dbuf, msg, ver?escaped(ver):"none");
      control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "DROPPED");
      entry_guard_free(entry);
      smartlist_del_keeporder(entry_guards, i--);
      log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
      changed = 1;
    }
  }

  return changed ? 1 : 0;
}

/** Remove all entry guards that have been down or unlisted for so
 * long that we don't think they'll come up again. Return 1 if we
 * removed any, or 0 if we did nothing. */
static int
remove_dead_entry_guards(void)
{
  char dbuf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  char tbuf[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  int i;
  int changed = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(entry_guards); ) {
    entry_guard_t *entry = smartlist_get(entry_guards, i);
    if (entry->bad_since &&
        entry->bad_since + ENTRY_GUARD_REMOVE_AFTER < now) {

      base16_encode(dbuf, sizeof(dbuf), entry->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
      format_local_iso_time(tbuf, entry->bad_since);
      log_info(LD_CIRC, "Entry guard '%s' (%s) has been down or unlisted "
               "since %s local time; removing.",
               entry->nickname, dbuf, tbuf);
      control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "DROPPED");
      entry_guard_free(entry);
      smartlist_del_keeporder(entry_guards, i);
      log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
      changed = 1;
    } else
      ++i;
  }
  return changed ? 1 : 0;
}

/** A new directory or router-status has arrived; update the down/listed
 * status of the entry guards.
 *
 * An entry is 'down' if the directory lists it as nonrunning.
 * An entry is 'unlisted' if the directory doesn't include it.
 *
 * Don't call this on startup; only on a fresh download. Otherwise we'll
 * think that things are unlisted.
 */
void
entry_guards_compute_status(void)
{
  time_t now;
  int changed = 0;
  int severity = LOG_DEBUG;
  or_options_t *options;
  digestmap_t *reasons;
  if (! entry_guards)
    return;

  options = get_options();

  now = time(NULL);

  reasons = digestmap_new();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry)
    {
      routerinfo_t *r = router_get_by_digest(entry->identity);
      const char *reason = NULL;
      if (entry_guard_set_status(entry, r, now, options, &reason))
        changed = 1;

      if (entry->bad_since)
        tor_assert(reason);
      if (reason)
        digestmap_set(reasons, entry->identity, (char*)reason);
    }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(entry);

  if (remove_dead_entry_guards())
    changed = 1;

  severity = changed ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_INFO;

  if (changed) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry) {
      const char *reason = digestmap_get(reasons, entry->identity);
      log_info(LD_CIRC, "Summary: Entry '%s' is %s, %s%s%s, and %s.",
               entry->nickname,
               entry->unreachable_since ? "unreachable" : "reachable",
               entry->bad_since ? "unusable" : "usable",
               reason ? ", ": "",
               reason ? reason : "",
               entry_is_live(entry, 0, 1, 0) ? "live" : "not live");
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(entry);
    log_info(LD_CIRC, "    (%d/%d entry guards are usable/new)",
             num_live_entry_guards(), smartlist_len(entry_guards));
    log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
    entry_guards_changed();
  }

  digestmap_free(reasons, NULL);
}

/** Called when a connection to an OR with the identity digest <b>digest</b>
 * is established (<b>succeeded</b>==1) or has failed (<b>succeeded</b>==0).
 * If the OR is an entry, change that entry's up/down status.
 * Return 0 normally, or -1 if we want to tear down the new connection.
 *
 * If <b>mark_relay_status</b>, also call router_set_status() on this
 * relay.
 *
 * XXX022 change succeeded and mark_relay_status into 'int flags'.
 */
int
entry_guard_register_connect_status(const char *digest, int succeeded,
                                    int mark_relay_status, time_t now)
{
  int changed = 0;
  int refuse_conn = 0;
  int first_contact = 0;
  entry_guard_t *entry = NULL;
  int idx = -1;
  char buf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];

  if (! entry_guards)
    return 0;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
    {
      if (!memcmp(e->identity, digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
        entry = e;
        idx = e_sl_idx;
        break;
      }
    });

  if (!entry)
    return 0;

  base16_encode(buf, sizeof(buf), entry->identity, DIGEST_LEN);

  if (succeeded) {
    if (entry->unreachable_since) {
      log_info(LD_CIRC, "Entry guard '%s' (%s) is now reachable again. Good.",
               entry->nickname, buf);
      entry->can_retry = 0;
      entry->unreachable_since = 0;
      entry->last_attempted = now;
      control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "UP");
      changed = 1;
    }
    if (!entry->made_contact) {
      entry->made_contact = 1;
      first_contact = changed = 1;
    }
  } else { /* ! succeeded */
    if (!entry->made_contact) {
      /* We've never connected to this one. */
      log_info(LD_CIRC,
               "Connection to never-contacted entry guard '%s' (%s) failed. "
               "Removing from the list. %d/%d entry guards usable/new.",
               entry->nickname, buf,
               num_live_entry_guards()-1, smartlist_len(entry_guards)-1);
      entry_guard_free(entry);
      smartlist_del_keeporder(entry_guards, idx);
      log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
      changed = 1;
    } else if (!entry->unreachable_since) {
      log_info(LD_CIRC, "Unable to connect to entry guard '%s' (%s). "
               "Marking as unreachable.", entry->nickname, buf);
      entry->unreachable_since = entry->last_attempted = now;
      control_event_guard(entry->nickname, entry->identity, "DOWN");
      changed = 1;
      entry->can_retry = 0; /* We gave it an early chance; no good. */
    } else {
      char tbuf[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
      format_iso_time(tbuf, entry->unreachable_since);
      log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Failed to connect to unreachable entry guard "
                "'%s' (%s).  It has been unreachable since %s.",
                entry->nickname, buf, tbuf);
      entry->last_attempted = now;
      entry->can_retry = 0; /* We gave it an early chance; no good. */
    }
  }

  /* if the caller asked us to, also update the is_running flags for this
   * relay */
  if (mark_relay_status)
    router_set_status(digest, succeeded);

  if (first_contact) {
    /* We've just added a new long-term entry guard. Perhaps the network just
     * came back? We should give our earlier entries another try too,
     * and close this connection so we don't use it before we've given
     * the others a shot. */
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e, {
        if (e == entry)
          break;
        if (e->made_contact) {
          routerinfo_t *r = entry_is_live(e, 0, 1, 1);
          if (r && e->unreachable_since) {
            refuse_conn = 1;
            e->can_retry = 1;
          }
        }
      });
    if (refuse_conn) {
      log_info(LD_CIRC,
               "Connected to new entry guard '%s' (%s). Marking earlier "
               "entry guards up. %d/%d entry guards usable/new.",
               entry->nickname, buf,
               num_live_entry_guards(), smartlist_len(entry_guards));
      log_entry_guards(LOG_INFO);
      changed = 1;
    }
  }

  if (changed)
    entry_guards_changed();
  return refuse_conn ? -1 : 0;
}

/** When we try to choose an entry guard, should we parse and add
 * config's EntryNodes first? */
static int should_add_entry_nodes = 0;

/** Called when the value of EntryNodes changes in our configuration. */
void
entry_nodes_should_be_added(void)
{
  log_info(LD_CIRC, "New EntryNodes config option detected. Will use.");
  should_add_entry_nodes = 1;
}

/** Add all nodes in EntryNodes that aren't currently guard nodes to the list
 * of guard nodes, at the front. */
static void
entry_guards_prepend_from_config(void)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  smartlist_t *entry_routers, *entry_fps;
  smartlist_t *old_entry_guards_on_list, *old_entry_guards_not_on_list;
  tor_assert(entry_guards);

  should_add_entry_nodes = 0;

  if (!options->EntryNodes) {
    /* It's possible that a controller set EntryNodes, thus making
     * should_add_entry_nodes set, then cleared it again, all before the
     * call to choose_random_entry() that triggered us. If so, just return.
     */
    return;
  }

  if (options->EntryNodes) {
    char *string = routerset_to_string(options->EntryNodes);
    log_info(LD_CIRC,"Adding configured EntryNodes '%s'.", string);
    tor_free(string);
  }

  entry_routers = smartlist_create();
  entry_fps = smartlist_create();
  old_entry_guards_on_list = smartlist_create();
  old_entry_guards_not_on_list = smartlist_create();

  /* Split entry guards into those on the list and those not. */

  /* XXXX022 Now that we allow countries and IP ranges in EntryNodes, this is
   *  potentially an enormous list. For now, we disable such values for
   *  EntryNodes in options_validate(); really, this wants a better solution.
   *  Perhaps we should do this calculation once whenever the list of routers
   *  changes or the entrynodes setting changes.
   */
  routerset_get_all_routers(entry_routers, options->EntryNodes, 0);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_routers, routerinfo_t *, ri,
                    smartlist_add(entry_fps,ri->cache_info.identity_digest));
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e, {
    if (smartlist_digest_isin(entry_fps, e->identity))
      smartlist_add(old_entry_guards_on_list, e);
    else
      smartlist_add(old_entry_guards_not_on_list, e);
  });

  /* Remove all currently configured entry guards from entry_routers. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    if (is_an_entry_guard(ri->cache_info.identity_digest)) {
      SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(entry_routers, ri);
    }
  });

  /* Now build the new entry_guards list. */
  smartlist_clear(entry_guards);
  /* First, the previously configured guards that are in EntryNodes. */
  smartlist_add_all(entry_guards, old_entry_guards_on_list);
  /* Next, the rest of EntryNodes */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    add_an_entry_guard(ri, 0);
  });
  /* Finally, the remaining EntryNodes, unless we're strict */
  if (options->StrictEntryNodes) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(old_entry_guards_not_on_list, entry_guard_t *, e,
                      entry_guard_free(e));
  } else {
    smartlist_add_all(entry_guards, old_entry_guards_not_on_list);
  }

  smartlist_free(entry_routers);
  smartlist_free(entry_fps);
  smartlist_free(old_entry_guards_on_list);
  smartlist_free(old_entry_guards_not_on_list);
  entry_guards_changed();
}

/** Return 1 if we're fine adding arbitrary routers out of the
 * directory to our entry guard list. Else return 0. */
int
entry_list_can_grow(or_options_t *options)
{
  if (options->StrictEntryNodes)
    return 0;
  if (options->UseBridges)
    return 0;
  return 1;
}

/** Pick a live (up and listed) entry guard from entry_guards. If
 * <b>state</b> is non-NULL, this is for a specific circuit --
 * make sure not to pick this circuit's exit or any node in the
 * exit's family. If <b>state</b> is NULL, we're looking for a random
 * guard (likely a bridge). */
routerinfo_t *
choose_random_entry(cpath_build_state_t *state)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  smartlist_t *live_entry_guards = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_t *exit_family = smartlist_create();
  routerinfo_t *chosen_exit = state?build_state_get_exit_router(state) : NULL;
  routerinfo_t *r = NULL;
  int need_uptime = state ? state->need_uptime : 0;
  int need_capacity = state ? state->need_capacity : 0;
  int consider_exit_family = 0;

  if (chosen_exit) {
    smartlist_add(exit_family, chosen_exit);
    routerlist_add_family(exit_family, chosen_exit);
    consider_exit_family = 1;
  }

  if (!entry_guards)
    entry_guards = smartlist_create();

  if (should_add_entry_nodes)
    entry_guards_prepend_from_config();

  if (entry_list_can_grow(options) &&
      (! entry_guards ||
       smartlist_len(entry_guards) < options->NumEntryGuards))
    pick_entry_guards();

 retry:
  smartlist_clear(live_entry_guards);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, entry,
    {
      r = entry_is_live(entry, need_uptime, need_capacity, 0);
      if (r && (!consider_exit_family || !smartlist_isin(exit_family, r))) {
        smartlist_add(live_entry_guards, r);
        if (!entry->made_contact) {
          /* Always start with the first not-yet-contacted entry
           * guard. Otherwise we might add several new ones, pick
           * the second new one, and now we've expanded our entry
           * guard list without needing to. */
          goto choose_and_finish;
        }
        if (smartlist_len(live_entry_guards) >= options->NumEntryGuards)
          break; /* we have enough */
      }
    });

  /* Try to have at least 2 choices available. This way we don't
   * get stuck with a single live-but-crummy entry and just keep
   * using him.
   * (We might get 2 live-but-crummy entry guards, but so be it.) */
  if (smartlist_len(live_entry_guards) < 2) {
    if (entry_list_can_grow(options)) {
      /* still no? try adding a new entry then */
      /* XXX if guard doesn't imply fast and stable, then we need
       * to tell add_an_entry_guard below what we want, or it might
       * be a long time til we get it. -RD */
      r = add_an_entry_guard(NULL, 0);
      if (r) {
        entry_guards_changed();
        /* XXX we start over here in case the new node we added shares
         * a family with our exit node. There's a chance that we'll just
         * load up on entry guards here, if the network we're using is
         * one big family. Perhaps we should teach add_an_entry_guard()
         * to understand nodes-to-avoid-if-possible? -RD */
        goto retry;
      }
    }
    if (!r && need_uptime) {
      need_uptime = 0; /* try without that requirement */
      goto retry;
    }
    if (!r && need_capacity) {
      /* still no? last attempt, try without requiring capacity */
      need_capacity = 0;
      goto retry;
    }
    if (!r && !entry_list_can_grow(options) && consider_exit_family) {
      /* still no? if we're using bridges or have strictentrynodes
       * set, and our chosen exit is in the same family as all our
       * bridges/entry guards, then be flexible about families. */
      consider_exit_family = 0;
      goto retry;
    }
    /* live_entry_guards may be empty below. Oh well, we tried. */
  }

 choose_and_finish:
  if (entry_list_can_grow(options)) {
    /* We choose uniformly at random here, because choose_good_entry_server()
     * already weights its choices by bandwidth, so we don't want to
     * *double*-weight our guard selection. */
    r = smartlist_choose(live_entry_guards);
  } else {
    /* We need to weight by bandwidth, because our bridges or entryguards
     * were not already selected proportional to their bandwidth. */
    r = routerlist_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(live_entry_guards, WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD);
  }
  smartlist_free(live_entry_guards);
  smartlist_free(exit_family);
  return r;
}

/** Helper: Return the start of the month containing <b>time</b>. */
static time_t
start_of_month(time_t now)
{
  struct tm tm;
  tor_gmtime_r(&now, &tm);
  tm.tm_sec = 0;
  tm.tm_min = 0;
  tm.tm_hour = 0;
  tm.tm_mday = 1;
  return tor_timegm(&tm);
}

/** Parse <b>state</b> and learn about the entry guards it describes.
 * If <b>set</b> is true, and there are no errors, replace the global
 * entry_list with what we find.
 * On success, return 0. On failure, alloc into *<b>msg</b> a string
 * describing the error, and return -1.
 */
int
entry_guards_parse_state(or_state_t *state, int set, char **msg)
{
  entry_guard_t *node = NULL;
  smartlist_t *new_entry_guards = smartlist_create();
  config_line_t *line;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  const char *state_version = state->TorVersion;
  digestmap_t *added_by = digestmap_new();

  *msg = NULL;
  for (line = state->EntryGuards; line; line = line->next) {
    if (!strcasecmp(line->key, "EntryGuard")) {
      smartlist_t *args = smartlist_create();
      node = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(entry_guard_t));
      /* all entry guards on disk have been contacted */
      node->made_contact = 1;
      smartlist_add(new_entry_guards, node);
      smartlist_split_string(args, line->value, " ",
                             SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 0);
      if (smartlist_len(args)<2) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse entry nodes: "
                          "Too few arguments to EntryGuard");
      } else if (!is_legal_nickname(smartlist_get(args,0))) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse entry nodes: "
                          "Bad nickname for EntryGuard");
      } else {
        strlcpy(node->nickname, smartlist_get(args,0), MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1);
        if (base16_decode(node->identity, DIGEST_LEN, smartlist_get(args,1),
                          strlen(smartlist_get(args,1)))<0) {
          *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse entry nodes: "
                            "Bad hex digest for EntryGuard");
        }
      }
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(args, char*, cp, tor_free(cp));
      smartlist_free(args);
      if (*msg)
        break;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(line->key, "EntryGuardDownSince") ||
               !strcasecmp(line->key, "EntryGuardUnlistedSince")) {
      time_t when;
      time_t last_try = 0;
      if (!node) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse entry nodes: "
               "EntryGuardDownSince/UnlistedSince without EntryGuard");
        break;
      }
      if (parse_iso_time(line->value, &when)<0) {
        *msg = tor_strdup("Unable to parse entry nodes: "
                          "Bad time in EntryGuardDownSince/UnlistedSince");
        break;
      }
      if (when > now) {
        /* It's a bad idea to believe info in the future: you can wind
         * up with timeouts that aren't allowed to happen for years. */
        continue;
      }
      if (strlen(line->value) >= ISO_TIME_LEN+ISO_TIME_LEN+1) {
        /* ignore failure */
        (void) parse_iso_time(line->value+ISO_TIME_LEN+1, &last_try);
      }
      if (!strcasecmp(line->key, "EntryGuardDownSince")) {
        node->unreachable_since = when;
        node->last_attempted = last_try;
      } else {
        node->bad_since = when;
      }
    } else if (!strcasecmp(line->key, "EntryGuardAddedBy")) {
      char d[DIGEST_LEN];
      /* format is digest version date */
      if (strlen(line->value) < HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1+1+1+ISO_TIME_LEN) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "EntryGuardAddedBy line is not long enough.");
        continue;
      }
      if (base16_decode(d, sizeof(d), line->value, HEX_DIGEST_LEN)<0 ||
          line->value[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] != ' ') {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "EntryGuardAddedBy line %s does not begin with "
                 "hex digest", escaped(line->value));
        continue;
      }
      digestmap_set(added_by, d, tor_strdup(line->value+HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1));
    } else {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unexpected key %s", line->key);
    }
  }

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(new_entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
   {
     char *sp;
     char *val = digestmap_get(added_by, e->identity);
     if (val && (sp = strchr(val, ' '))) {
       time_t when;
       *sp++ = '\0';
       if (parse_iso_time(sp, &when)<0) {
         log_warn(LD_BUG, "Can't read time %s in EntryGuardAddedBy", sp);
       } else {
         e->chosen_by_version = tor_strdup(val);
         e->chosen_on_date = when;
       }
     } else {
       if (state_version) {
         e->chosen_by_version = tor_strdup(state_version);
         e->chosen_on_date = start_of_month(time(NULL));
       }
     }
   });

  if (*msg || !set) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(new_entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
                      entry_guard_free(e));
    smartlist_free(new_entry_guards);
  } else { /* !err && set */
    if (entry_guards) {
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
                        entry_guard_free(e));
      smartlist_free(entry_guards);
    }
    entry_guards = new_entry_guards;
    entry_guards_dirty = 0;
    /* XXX022 hand new_entry_guards to this func, and move it up a
     * few lines, so we don't have to re-dirty it */
    if (remove_obsolete_entry_guards())
      entry_guards_dirty = 1;
  }
  digestmap_free(added_by, _tor_free);
  return *msg ? -1 : 0;
}

/** Our list of entry guards has changed, or some element of one
 * of our entry guards has changed. Write the changes to disk within
 * the next few minutes.
 */
static void
entry_guards_changed(void)
{
  time_t when;
  entry_guards_dirty = 1;

  /* or_state_save() will call entry_guards_update_state(). */
  when = get_options()->AvoidDiskWrites ? time(NULL) + 3600 : time(NULL)+600;
  or_state_mark_dirty(get_or_state(), when);
}

/** If the entry guard info has not changed, do nothing and return.
 * Otherwise, free the EntryGuards piece of <b>state</b> and create
 * a new one out of the global entry_guards list, and then mark
 * <b>state</b> dirty so it will get saved to disk.
 */
void
entry_guards_update_state(or_state_t *state)
{
  config_line_t **next, *line;
  if (! entry_guards_dirty)
    return;

  config_free_lines(state->EntryGuards);
  next = &state->EntryGuards;
  *next = NULL;
  if (!entry_guards)
    entry_guards = smartlist_create();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
    {
      char dbuf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
      if (!e->made_contact)
        continue; /* don't write this one to disk */
      *next = line = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(config_line_t));
      line->key = tor_strdup("EntryGuard");
      line->value = tor_malloc(HEX_DIGEST_LEN+MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+2);
      base16_encode(dbuf, sizeof(dbuf), e->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
      tor_snprintf(line->value,HEX_DIGEST_LEN+MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+2,
                   "%s %s", e->nickname, dbuf);
      next = &(line->next);
      if (e->unreachable_since) {
        *next = line = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(config_line_t));
        line->key = tor_strdup("EntryGuardDownSince");
        line->value = tor_malloc(ISO_TIME_LEN+1+ISO_TIME_LEN+1);
        format_iso_time(line->value, e->unreachable_since);
        if (e->last_attempted) {
          line->value[ISO_TIME_LEN] = ' ';
          format_iso_time(line->value+ISO_TIME_LEN+1, e->last_attempted);
        }
        next = &(line->next);
      }
      if (e->bad_since) {
        *next = line = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(config_line_t));
        line->key = tor_strdup("EntryGuardUnlistedSince");
        line->value = tor_malloc(ISO_TIME_LEN+1);
        format_iso_time(line->value, e->bad_since);
        next = &(line->next);
      }
      if (e->chosen_on_date && e->chosen_by_version &&
          !strchr(e->chosen_by_version, ' ')) {
        char d[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        char t[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
        size_t val_len;
        *next = line = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(config_line_t));
        line->key = tor_strdup("EntryGuardAddedBy");
        val_len = (HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1+strlen(e->chosen_by_version)
                   +1+ISO_TIME_LEN+1);
        line->value = tor_malloc(val_len);
        base16_encode(d, sizeof(d), e->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
        format_iso_time(t, e->chosen_on_date);
        tor_snprintf(line->value, val_len, "%s %s %s",
                     d, e->chosen_by_version, t);
        next = &(line->next);
      }
    });
  if (!get_options()->AvoidDiskWrites)
    or_state_mark_dirty(get_or_state(), 0);
  entry_guards_dirty = 0;
}

/** If <b>question</b> is the string "entry-guards", then dump
 * to *<b>answer</b> a newly allocated string describing all of
 * the nodes in the global entry_guards list. See control-spec.txt
 * for details.
 * For backward compatibility, we also handle the string "helper-nodes".
 * */
int
getinfo_helper_entry_guards(control_connection_t *conn,
                            const char *question, char **answer)
{
  (void) conn;
  if (!strcmp(question,"entry-guards") ||
      !strcmp(question,"helper-nodes")) {
    smartlist_t *sl = smartlist_create();
    char tbuf[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
    char nbuf[MAX_VERBOSE_NICKNAME_LEN+1];
    if (!entry_guards)
      entry_guards = smartlist_create();
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e) {
        size_t len = MAX_VERBOSE_NICKNAME_LEN+ISO_TIME_LEN+32;
        char *c = tor_malloc(len);
        const char *status = NULL;
        time_t when = 0;
        routerinfo_t *ri;

        if (!e->made_contact) {
          status = "never-connected";
        } else if (e->bad_since) {
          when = e->bad_since;
          status = "unusable";
        } else {
          status = "up";
        }

        ri = router_get_by_digest(e->identity);
        if (ri) {
          router_get_verbose_nickname(nbuf, ri);
        } else {
          nbuf[0] = '$';
          base16_encode(nbuf+1, sizeof(nbuf)-1, e->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
          /* e->nickname field is not very reliable if we don't know about
           * this router any longer; don't include it. */
        }

        if (when) {
          format_iso_time(tbuf, when);
          tor_snprintf(c, len, "%s %s %s\n", nbuf, status, tbuf);
        } else {
          tor_snprintf(c, len, "%s %s\n", nbuf, status);
        }
        smartlist_add(sl, c);
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(e);
    *answer = smartlist_join_strings(sl, "", 0, NULL);
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, char *, c, tor_free(c));
    smartlist_free(sl);
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Information about a configured bridge. Currently this just matches the
 * ones in the torrc file, but one day we may be able to learn about new
 * bridges on our own, and remember them in the state file. */
typedef struct {
  /** Address of the bridge. */
  tor_addr_t addr;
  /** TLS port for the bridge. */
  uint16_t port;
  /** Expected identity digest, or all zero bytes if we don't know what the
   * digest should be. */
  char identity[DIGEST_LEN];
  /** When should we next try to fetch a descriptor for this bridge? */
  download_status_t fetch_status;
} bridge_info_t;

/** A list of configured bridges. Whenever we actually get a descriptor
 * for one, we add it as an entry guard. */
static smartlist_t *bridge_list = NULL;

/** Initialize the bridge list to empty, creating it if needed. */
void
clear_bridge_list(void)
{
  if (!bridge_list)
    bridge_list = smartlist_create();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(bridge_list, bridge_info_t *, b, tor_free(b));
  smartlist_clear(bridge_list);
}

/** Return a bridge pointer if <b>ri</b> is one of our known bridges
 * (either by comparing keys if possible, else by comparing addr/port).
 * Else return NULL. */
static bridge_info_t *
routerinfo_get_configured_bridge(routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  if (!bridge_list)
    return NULL;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(bridge_list, bridge_info_t *, bridge)
    {
      if (tor_digest_is_zero(bridge->identity) &&
          tor_addr_eq_ipv4h(&bridge->addr, ri->addr) &&
          bridge->port == ri->or_port)
        return bridge;
      if (!memcmp(bridge->identity, ri->cache_info.identity_digest,
                  DIGEST_LEN))
        return bridge;
    }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(bridge);
  return NULL;
}

/** Return 1 if <b>ri</b> is one of our known bridges, else 0. */
int
routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  return routerinfo_get_configured_bridge(ri) ? 1 : 0;
}

/** Remember a new bridge at <b>addr</b>:<b>port</b>. If <b>digest</b>
 * is set, it tells us the identity key too. */
void
bridge_add_from_config(const tor_addr_t *addr, uint16_t port, char *digest)
{
  bridge_info_t *b = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(bridge_info_t));
  tor_addr_copy(&b->addr, addr);
  b->port = port;
  if (digest)
    memcpy(b->identity, digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  b->fetch_status.schedule = DL_SCHED_BRIDGE;
  if (!bridge_list)
    bridge_list = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_add(bridge_list, b);
}

/** If <b>digest</b> is one of our known bridges, return it. */
static bridge_info_t *
find_bridge_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(bridge_list, bridge_info_t *, bridge,
    {
      if (!memcmp(bridge->identity, digest, DIGEST_LEN))
        return bridge;
    });
  return NULL;
}

/** We need to ask <b>bridge</b> for its server descriptor. <b>address</b>
 * is a helpful string describing this bridge. */
static void
launch_direct_bridge_descriptor_fetch(bridge_info_t *bridge)
{
  char *address;

  if (connection_get_by_type_addr_port_purpose(
      CONN_TYPE_DIR, &bridge->addr, bridge->port,
      DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC))
    return; /* it's already on the way */

  address = tor_dup_addr(&bridge->addr);
  directory_initiate_command(address, &bridge->addr,
                             bridge->port, 0,
                             0, /* does not matter */
                             1, bridge->identity,
                             DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                             ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE,
                             0, "authority.z", NULL, 0, 0);
  tor_free(address);
}

/** Fetching the bridge descriptor from the bridge authority returned a
 * "not found". Fall back to trying a direct fetch. */
void
retry_bridge_descriptor_fetch_directly(const char *digest)
{
  bridge_info_t *bridge = find_bridge_by_digest(digest);
  if (!bridge)
    return; /* not found? oh well. */

  launch_direct_bridge_descriptor_fetch(bridge);
}

/** For each bridge in our list for which we don't currently have a
 * descriptor, fetch a new copy of its descriptor -- either directly
 * from the bridge or via a bridge authority. */
void
fetch_bridge_descriptors(time_t now)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  int num_bridge_auths = get_n_authorities(BRIDGE_AUTHORITY);
  int ask_bridge_directly;
  int can_use_bridge_authority;

  if (!bridge_list)
    return;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(bridge_list, bridge_info_t *, bridge)
    {
      if (!download_status_is_ready(&bridge->fetch_status, now,
                                    IMPOSSIBLE_TO_DOWNLOAD))
        continue; /* don't bother, no need to retry yet */

      /* schedule another fetch as if this one will fail, in case it does */
      download_status_failed(&bridge->fetch_status, 0);

      can_use_bridge_authority = !tor_digest_is_zero(bridge->identity) &&
                                 num_bridge_auths;
      ask_bridge_directly = !can_use_bridge_authority ||
                            !options->UpdateBridgesFromAuthority;
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "ask_bridge_directly=%d (%d, %d, %d)",
                ask_bridge_directly, tor_digest_is_zero(bridge->identity),
                !options->UpdateBridgesFromAuthority, !num_bridge_auths);

      if (ask_bridge_directly &&
          !fascist_firewall_allows_address_or(&bridge->addr, bridge->port)) {
        log_notice(LD_DIR, "Bridge at '%s:%d' isn't reachable by our "
                   "firewall policy. %s.", fmt_addr(&bridge->addr),
                   bridge->port,
                   can_use_bridge_authority ?
                     "Asking bridge authority instead" : "Skipping");
        if (can_use_bridge_authority)
          ask_bridge_directly = 0;
        else
          continue;
      }

      if (ask_bridge_directly) {
        /* we need to ask the bridge itself for its descriptor. */
        launch_direct_bridge_descriptor_fetch(bridge);
      } else {
        /* We have a digest and we want to ask an authority. We could
         * combine all the requests into one, but that may give more
         * hints to the bridge authority than we want to give. */
        char resource[10 + HEX_DIGEST_LEN];
        memcpy(resource, "fp/", 3);
        base16_encode(resource+3, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1,
                      bridge->identity, DIGEST_LEN);
        memcpy(resource+3+HEX_DIGEST_LEN, ".z", 3);
        log_info(LD_DIR, "Fetching bridge info '%s' from bridge authority.",
                 resource);
        directory_get_from_dirserver(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE, resource, 0);
      }
    }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(bridge);
}

/** We just learned a descriptor for a bridge. See if that
 * digest is in our entry guard list, and add it if not. */
void
learned_bridge_descriptor(routerinfo_t *ri, int from_cache)
{
  tor_assert(ri);
  tor_assert(ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE);
  if (get_options()->UseBridges) {
    int first = !any_bridge_descriptors_known();
    bridge_info_t *bridge = routerinfo_get_configured_bridge(ri);
    time_t now = time(NULL);
    ri->is_running = 1;

    if (bridge) { /* if we actually want to use this one */
      /* it's here; schedule its re-fetch for a long time from now. */
      if (!from_cache)
        download_status_reset(&bridge->fetch_status);

      add_an_entry_guard(ri, 1);
      log_notice(LD_DIR, "new bridge descriptor '%s' (%s)", ri->nickname,
                 from_cache ? "cached" : "fresh");
      if (first)
        routerlist_retry_directory_downloads(now);
    }
  }
}

/** Return 1 if any of our entry guards have descriptors that
 * are marked with purpose 'bridge' and are running. Else return 0.
 *
 * We use this function to decide if we're ready to start building
 * circuits through our bridges, or if we need to wait until the
 * directory "server/authority" requests finish. */
int
any_bridge_descriptors_known(void)
{
  tor_assert(get_options()->UseBridges);
  return choose_random_entry(NULL)!=NULL ? 1 : 0;
}

/** Return 1 if there are any directory conns fetching bridge descriptors
 * that aren't marked for close. We use this to guess if we should tell
 * the controller that we have a problem. */
int
any_pending_bridge_descriptor_fetches(void)
{
  smartlist_t *conns = get_connection_array();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(conns, connection_t *, conn,
  {
    if (conn->type == CONN_TYPE_DIR &&
        conn->purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC &&
        TO_DIR_CONN(conn)->router_purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE &&
        !conn->marked_for_close &&
        conn->linked && !conn->linked_conn->marked_for_close) {
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "found one: %s", conn->address);
      return 1;
    }
  });
  return 0;
}

/** Return 1 if we have at least one descriptor for a bridge and
 * all descriptors we know are down. Else return 0. If <b>act</b> is
 * 1, then mark the down bridges up; else just observe and report. */
static int
bridges_retry_helper(int act)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  int any_known = 0;
  int any_running = 0;
  if (!entry_guards)
    entry_guards = smartlist_create();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
    {
      ri = router_get_by_digest(e->identity);
      if (ri && ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE) {
        any_known = 1;
        if (ri->is_running)
          any_running = 1; /* some bridge is both known and running */
        else if (act) { /* mark it for retry */
          ri->is_running = 1;
          e->can_retry = 1;
          e->bad_since = 0;
        }
      }
    });
  log_debug(LD_DIR, "any_known %d, any_running %d", any_known, any_running);
  return any_known && !any_running;
}

/** Do we know any descriptors for our bridges, and are they all
 * down? */
int
bridges_known_but_down(void)
{
  return bridges_retry_helper(0);
}

/** Mark all down known bridges up. */
void
bridges_retry_all(void)
{
  bridges_retry_helper(1);
}

/** Release all storage held by the list of entry guards and related
 * memory structs. */
void
entry_guards_free_all(void)
{
  if (entry_guards) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry_guards, entry_guard_t *, e,
                      entry_guard_free(e));
    smartlist_free(entry_guards);
    entry_guards = NULL;
  }
  clear_bridge_list();
  smartlist_free(bridge_list);
  bridge_list = NULL;
}