Switch to random allocation on circuitIDs.

Fixes a possible root cause of 11553 by only making 64 attempts at
most to pick a circuitID.  Previously, we would test every possible
circuit ID until we found one or ran out.

This algorithm succeeds probabilistically. As the comment says:

  This potentially causes us to give up early if our circuit ID
  space is nearly full.  If we have N circuit IDs in use, then we
  will reject a new circuit with probability (N / max_range) ^
  MAX_CIRCID_ATTEMPTS.  This means that in practice, a few percent
  of our circuit ID capacity will go unused.

  The alternative here, though, is to do a linear search over the
  whole circuit ID space every time we extend a circuit, which is
  not so great either.

This makes new vs old clients distinguishable, so we should try to
batch it with other patches that do that, like 11438.

changes/bug11553

@@ -3,3 +3,13 @@
       warning for the whole channel, and include a description of
       how many circuits there were on the channel. Fix for part of ticket
       #11553.
+
+
+  o Major features (performance):
+    - Avoid wasting cycles looking for usable circuit IDs. Previously,
+      when allocating a new circuit ID, we would in the worst case do a
+      linear scan over the entire possible range of circuit IDs before
+      deciding that we had exhausted our possibilities. Now, we
+      try 64 circuit IDs at random before deciding that we probably
+      won't succeed. Fix for a possible root cause of ticket
+      #11553.

src/or/channel.c

@@ -731,9 +731,6 @@ channel_init(channel_t *chan)
   /* Init timestamp */
   chan->timestamp_last_added_nonpadding = time(NULL);
 
-  /* Init next_circ_id */
-  chan->next_circ_id = crypto_rand_int(1 << 15);
-
   /* Initialize queues. */
   TOR_SIMPLEQ_INIT(&chan->incoming_queue);
   TOR_SIMPLEQ_INIT(&chan->outgoing_queue);

src/or/channel.h

@@ -150,11 +150,6 @@ struct channel_s {
   unsigned wide_circ_ids:1;
   /** Have we logged a warning about circID exhaustion on this channel? */
   unsigned warned_circ_ids_exhausted:1;
-  /*
-   * Which circ_id do we try to use next on this connection?  This is
-   * always in the range 0..1<<15-1.
-   */
-  circid_t next_circ_id;
 
   /* For how many circuits are we n_chan?  What about p_chan? */
   unsigned int num_n_circuits, num_p_circuits;

src/or/circuitbuild.c

@@ -92,18 +92,21 @@ channel_connect_for_circuit(const tor_addr_t *addr, uint16_t port,
   return chan;
 }
 
-/** Iterate over values of circ_id, starting from conn-\>next_circ_id,
- * and with the high bit specified by conn-\>circ_id_type, until we get
- * a circ_id that is not in use by any other circuit on that conn.
+
+/** Search for a value for circ_id that we can use on <b>chan</b> for an
+ * outbound circuit, until we get a circ_id that is not in use by any other
+ * circuit on that conn.
  *
  * Return it, or 0 if can't get a unique circ_id.
  */
 static circid_t
 get_unique_circ_id_by_chan(channel_t *chan)
 {
+#define MAX_CIRCID_ATTEMPTS 64
+
   circid_t test_circ_id;
   circid_t attempts=0;
-  circid_t high_bit, max_range;
+  circid_t high_bit, max_range, mask;
 
   tor_assert(chan);
 
@@ -113,19 +116,26 @@ get_unique_circ_id_by_chan(channel_t *chan)
              "a client with no identity.");
     return 0;
   }
-  max_range =  (chan->wide_circ_ids) ? (1u<<31) : (1u<<15);
+  max_range = (chan->wide_circ_ids) ? (1u<<31) : (1u<<15);
+  mask = max_range - 1;
   high_bit = (chan->circ_id_type == CIRC_ID_TYPE_HIGHER) ? max_range : 0;
   do {
-    /* Sequentially iterate over test_circ_id=1...max_range until we find a
-     * circID such that (high_bit|test_circ_id) is not already used. */
-    test_circ_id = chan->next_circ_id++;
-    if (test_circ_id == 0 || test_circ_id >= max_range) {
-      test_circ_id = 1;
-      chan->next_circ_id = 2;
-    }
-    if (++attempts > max_range) {
-      /* Make sure we don't loop forever if all circ_id's are used. This
-       * matters because it's an external DoS opportunity.
+    if (++attempts > MAX_CIRCID_ATTEMPTS) {
+      /* Make sure we don't loop forever because all circuit IDs are used.
+       *
+       * Once, we would try until we had tried every possible circuit ID.  But
+       * that's quite expensive.  Instead, we try MAX_CIRCID_ATTEMPTS random
+       * circuit IDs, and then give up.
+       *
+       * This potentially causes us to give up early if our circuit ID space
+       * is nearly full.  If we have N circuit IDs in use, then we will reject
+       * a new circuit with probability (N / max_range) ^ MAX_CIRCID_ATTEMPTS.
+       * This means that in practice, a few percent of our circuit ID capacity
+       * will go unused.
+       *
+       * The alternative here, though, is to do a linear search over the
+       * whole circuit ID space every time we extend a circuit, which is
+       * not so great either.
        */
       if (! chan->warned_circ_ids_exhausted) {
         chan->warned_circ_ids_exhausted = 1;
@@ -137,6 +147,9 @@ get_unique_circ_id_by_chan(channel_t *chan)
       }
       return 0;
     }
+
+    crypto_rand((char*) &test_circ_id, sizeof(test_circ_id));
+    test_circ_id &= mask;
     test_circ_id |= high_bit;
   } while (circuit_id_in_use_on_channel(test_circ_id, chan));
   return test_circ_id;

src/or/connection.c

@@ -251,8 +251,6 @@ dir_connection_new(int socket_family)
  *
  * Set timestamp_last_added_nonpadding to now.
  *
- * Assign a pseudorandom next_circ_id between 0 and 2**15.
- *
  * Initialize active_circuit_pqueue.
  *
  * Set active_circuit_pqueue_last_recalibrated to current cell_ewma tick.