tor/src/or/dirserv.c

/* Copyright (c) 2001-2004, Roger Dingledine.
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson.
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2011, The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */

#define DIRSERV_PRIVATE
#include "or.h"
#include "buffers.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "connection.h"
#include "connection_or.h"
#include "control.h"
#include "directory.h"
#include "dirserv.h"
#include "dirvote.h"
#include "hibernate.h"
#include "microdesc.h"
#include "networkstatus.h"
#include "policies.h"
#include "rephist.h"
#include "router.h"
#include "routerlist.h"
#include "routerparse.h"

/**
 * \file dirserv.c
 * \brief Directory server core implementation. Manages directory
 * contents and generates directories.
 */

/** How far in the future do we allow a router to get? (seconds) */
#define ROUTER_ALLOW_SKEW (60*60*12)
/** How many seconds do we wait before regenerating the directory? */
#define DIR_REGEN_SLACK_TIME 30
/** If we're a cache, keep this many networkstatuses around from non-trusted
 * directory authorities. */
#define MAX_UNTRUSTED_NETWORKSTATUSES 16

/** If a v1 directory is older than this, discard it. */
#define MAX_V1_DIRECTORY_AGE (30*24*60*60)
/** If a v1 running-routers is older than this, discard it. */
#define MAX_V1_RR_AGE (7*24*60*60)

extern time_t time_of_process_start; /* from main.c */

extern long stats_n_seconds_working; /* from main.c */

/** Do we need to regenerate the v1 directory when someone asks for it? */
static time_t the_directory_is_dirty = 1;
/** Do we need to regenerate the v1 runningrouters document when somebody
 * asks for it? */
static time_t runningrouters_is_dirty = 1;
/** Do we need to regenerate our v2 networkstatus document when somebody asks
 * for it? */
static time_t the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty = 1;

/** Most recently generated encoded signed v1 directory. (v1 auth dirservers
 * only.) */
static cached_dir_t *the_directory = NULL;

/** For authoritative directories: the current (v1) network status. */
static cached_dir_t the_runningrouters;

static void directory_remove_invalid(void);
static cached_dir_t *dirserv_regenerate_directory(void);
static char *format_versions_list(config_line_t *ln);
struct authdir_config_t;
static int add_fingerprint_to_dir(const char *nickname, const char *fp,
                                  struct authdir_config_t *list);
static uint32_t dirserv_router_get_status(const routerinfo_t *router,
                                          const char **msg);
static uint32_t
dirserv_get_status_impl(const char *fp, const char *nickname,
                        const char *address,
                        uint32_t addr, uint16_t or_port,
                        const char *platform, const char *contact,
                        const char **msg, int should_log);
static void clear_cached_dir(cached_dir_t *d);
static signed_descriptor_t *get_signed_descriptor_by_fp(const char *fp,
                                                        int extrainfo,
                                                        time_t publish_cutoff);
static int dirserv_add_extrainfo(extrainfo_t *ei, const char **msg);

/************** Measured Bandwidth parsing code ******/
#define MAX_MEASUREMENT_AGE (3*24*60*60) /* 3 days */

/************** Fingerprint handling code ************/

#define FP_NAMED   1  /**< Listed in fingerprint file. */
#define FP_INVALID 2  /**< Believed invalid. */
#define FP_REJECT  4  /**< We will not publish this router. */
#define FP_BADDIR  8  /**< We'll tell clients to avoid using this as a dir. */
#define FP_BADEXIT 16 /**< We'll tell clients not to use this as an exit. */
#define FP_UNNAMED 32 /**< Another router has this name in fingerprint file. */

/** Encapsulate a nickname and an FP_* status; target of status_by_digest
 * map. */
typedef struct router_status_t {
  char nickname[MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1];
  uint32_t status;
} router_status_t;

/** List of nickname-\>identity fingerprint mappings for all the routers
 * that we name.  Used to prevent router impersonation. */
typedef struct authdir_config_t {
  strmap_t *fp_by_name; /**< Map from lc nickname to fingerprint. */
  digestmap_t *status_by_digest; /**< Map from digest to router_status_t. */
} authdir_config_t;

/** Should be static; exposed for testing. */
static authdir_config_t *fingerprint_list = NULL;

/** Allocate and return a new, empty, authdir_config_t. */
static authdir_config_t *
authdir_config_new(void)
{
  authdir_config_t *list = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(authdir_config_t));
  list->fp_by_name = strmap_new();
  list->status_by_digest = digestmap_new();
  return list;
}

/** Add the fingerprint <b>fp</b> for <b>nickname</b> to
 * the smartlist of fingerprint_entry_t's <b>list</b>. Return 0 if it's
 * new, or 1 if we replaced the old value.
 */
/* static */ int
add_fingerprint_to_dir(const char *nickname, const char *fp,
                       authdir_config_t *list)
{
  char *fingerprint;
  char d[DIGEST_LEN];
  router_status_t *status;
  tor_assert(nickname);
  tor_assert(fp);
  tor_assert(list);

  fingerprint = tor_strdup(fp);
  tor_strstrip(fingerprint, " ");
  if (base16_decode(d, DIGEST_LEN, fingerprint, strlen(fingerprint))) {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Couldn't decode fingerprint \"%s\"",
             escaped(fp));
    tor_free(fingerprint);
    return 0;
  }

  if (!strcasecmp(nickname, UNNAMED_ROUTER_NICKNAME)) {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Tried to add a mapping for reserved nickname %s",
             UNNAMED_ROUTER_NICKNAME);
    tor_free(fingerprint);
    return 0;
  }

  status = digestmap_get(list->status_by_digest, d);
  if (!status) {
    status = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(router_status_t));
    digestmap_set(list->status_by_digest, d, status);
  }

  if (nickname[0] != '!') {
    char *old_fp = strmap_get_lc(list->fp_by_name, nickname);
    if (old_fp && !strcasecmp(fingerprint, old_fp)) {
      tor_free(fingerprint);
    } else {
      tor_free(old_fp);
      strmap_set_lc(list->fp_by_name, nickname, fingerprint);
    }
    status->status |= FP_NAMED;
    strlcpy(status->nickname, nickname, sizeof(status->nickname));
  } else {
    tor_free(fingerprint);
    if (!strcasecmp(nickname, "!reject")) {
      status->status |= FP_REJECT;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(nickname, "!invalid")) {
      status->status |= FP_INVALID;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(nickname, "!baddir")) {
      status->status |= FP_BADDIR;
    } else if (!strcasecmp(nickname, "!badexit")) {
      status->status |= FP_BADEXIT;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Add the nickname and fingerprint for this OR to the
 * global list of recognized identity key fingerprints. */
int
dirserv_add_own_fingerprint(const char *nickname, crypto_pk_env_t *pk)
{
  char fp[FINGERPRINT_LEN+1];
  if (crypto_pk_get_fingerprint(pk, fp, 0)<0) {
    log_err(LD_BUG, "Error computing fingerprint");
    return -1;
  }
  if (!fingerprint_list)
    fingerprint_list = authdir_config_new();
  add_fingerprint_to_dir(nickname, fp, fingerprint_list);
  return 0;
}

/** Load the nickname-\>fingerprint mappings stored in the approved-routers
 * file.  The file format is line-based, with each non-blank holding one
 * nickname, some space, and a fingerprint for that nickname.  On success,
 * replace the current fingerprint list with the new list and return 0.  On
 * failure, leave the current fingerprint list untouched, and return -1. */
int
dirserv_load_fingerprint_file(void)
{
  char *fname;
  char *cf;
  char *nickname, *fingerprint;
  authdir_config_t *fingerprint_list_new;
  int result;
  config_line_t *front=NULL, *list;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();

  fname = get_datadir_fname("approved-routers");
  log_info(LD_GENERAL,
           "Reloading approved fingerprints from \"%s\"...", fname);

  cf = read_file_to_str(fname, RFTS_IGNORE_MISSING, NULL);
  if (!cf) {
    if (options->NamingAuthoritativeDir) {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Cannot open fingerprint file '%s'. Failing.", fname);
      tor_free(fname);
      return -1;
    } else {
      log_info(LD_FS, "Cannot open fingerprint file '%s'. That's ok.", fname);
      tor_free(fname);
      return 0;
    }
  }
  tor_free(fname);

  result = config_get_lines(cf, &front);
  tor_free(cf);
  if (result < 0) {
    log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Error reading from fingerprint file");
    return -1;
  }

  fingerprint_list_new = authdir_config_new();

  for (list=front; list; list=list->next) {
    char digest_tmp[DIGEST_LEN];
    nickname = list->key; fingerprint = list->value;
    if (strlen(nickname) > MAX_NICKNAME_LEN) {
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG,
                 "Nickname '%s' too long in fingerprint file. Skipping.",
                 nickname);
      continue;
    }
    if (!is_legal_nickname(nickname) &&
        strcasecmp(nickname, "!reject") &&
        strcasecmp(nickname, "!invalid") &&
        strcasecmp(nickname, "!badexit")) {
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG,
                 "Invalid nickname '%s' in fingerprint file. Skipping.",
                 nickname);
      continue;
    }
    tor_strstrip(fingerprint, " "); /* remove spaces */
    if (strlen(fingerprint) != HEX_DIGEST_LEN ||
        base16_decode(digest_tmp, sizeof(digest_tmp),
                      fingerprint, HEX_DIGEST_LEN) < 0) {
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG,
                 "Invalid fingerprint (nickname '%s', "
                 "fingerprint %s). Skipping.",
                 nickname, fingerprint);
      continue;
    }
    if (0==strcasecmp(nickname, DEFAULT_CLIENT_NICKNAME)) {
      /* If you approved an OR called "client", then clients who use
       * the default nickname could all be rejected.  That's no good. */
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG,
                 "Authorizing nickname '%s' would break "
                 "many clients; skipping.",
                 DEFAULT_CLIENT_NICKNAME);
      continue;
    }
    if (0==strcasecmp(nickname, UNNAMED_ROUTER_NICKNAME)) {
      /* If you approved an OR called "unnamed", then clients will be
       * confused. */
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG,
                 "Authorizing nickname '%s' is not allowed; skipping.",
                 UNNAMED_ROUTER_NICKNAME);
      continue;
    }
    if (add_fingerprint_to_dir(nickname, fingerprint, fingerprint_list_new)
        != 0)
      log_notice(LD_CONFIG, "Duplicate nickname '%s'.", nickname);
  }

  config_free_lines(front);
  dirserv_free_fingerprint_list();
  fingerprint_list = fingerprint_list_new;
  /* Delete any routers whose fingerprints we no longer recognize */
  directory_remove_invalid();
  return 0;
}

/** Check whether <b>router</b> has a nickname/identity key combination that
 * we recognize from the fingerprint list, or an IP we automatically act on
 * according to our configuration.  Return the appropriate router status.
 *
 * If the status is 'FP_REJECT' and <b>msg</b> is provided, set
 * *<b>msg</b> to an explanation of why. */
static uint32_t
dirserv_router_get_status(const routerinfo_t *router, const char **msg)
{
  char d[DIGEST_LEN];

  if (crypto_pk_get_digest(router->identity_pkey, d)) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Error computing fingerprint");
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Bug: Error computing fingerprint";
    return FP_REJECT;
  }

  return dirserv_get_status_impl(d, router->nickname,
                                 router->address,
                                 router->addr, router->or_port,
                                 router->platform, router->contact_info,
                                 msg, 1);
}

/** Return true if there is no point in downloading the router described by
 * <b>rs</b> because this directory would reject it. */
int
dirserv_would_reject_router(routerstatus_t *rs)
{
  uint32_t res;

  res = dirserv_get_status_impl(rs->identity_digest, rs->nickname,
                                "", /* address is only used in logs */
                                rs->addr, rs->or_port,
                                NULL, NULL,
                                NULL, 0);

  return (res & FP_REJECT) != 0;
}

/** Helper: Based only on the ID/Nickname combination,
 * return FP_UNNAMED (unnamed), FP_NAMED (named), or 0 (neither).
 */
static uint32_t
dirserv_get_name_status(const char *id_digest, const char *nickname)
{
  char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  char *fp_by_name;

  base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), id_digest, DIGEST_LEN);

  if ((fp_by_name =
       strmap_get_lc(fingerprint_list->fp_by_name, nickname))) {
    if (!strcasecmp(fp, fp_by_name)) {
      return FP_NAMED;
    } else {
      return FP_UNNAMED; /* Wrong fingerprint. */
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Helper: As dirserv_get_router_status, but takes the router fingerprint
 * (hex, no spaces), nickname, address (used for logging only), IP address, OR
 * port, platform (logging only) and contact info (logging only) as arguments.
 *
 * If should_log is false, do not log messages.  (There's not much point in
 * logging that we're rejecting servers we'll not download.)
 */
static uint32_t
dirserv_get_status_impl(const char *id_digest, const char *nickname,
                        const char *address,
                        uint32_t addr, uint16_t or_port,
                        const char *platform, const char *contact,
                        const char **msg, int should_log)
{
  int reject_unlisted = get_options()->AuthDirRejectUnlisted;
  uint32_t result = 0;
  router_status_t *status_by_digest;

  if (!fingerprint_list)
    fingerprint_list = authdir_config_new();

  if (should_log)
    log_debug(LD_DIRSERV, "%d fingerprints, %d digests known.",
              strmap_size(fingerprint_list->fp_by_name),
              digestmap_size(fingerprint_list->status_by_digest));

  /* Tor 0.2.0.26-rc is the oldest version that currently caches the right
   * directory information.  Once more of them die off, we should raise this
   * minimum. */
  if (platform && !tor_version_as_new_as(platform,"0.2.0.26-rc")) {
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Tor version is far too old to work.";
    return FP_REJECT;
  } else if (platform && tor_version_as_new_as(platform,"0.2.1.3-alpha")
                      && !tor_version_as_new_as(platform, "0.2.1.19")) {
    /* These versions mishandled RELAY_EARLY cells on rend circuits. */
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Tor version is too buggy to work.";
    return FP_REJECT;
  }

  result = dirserv_get_name_status(id_digest, nickname);
  if (result & FP_NAMED) {
    if (should_log)
      log_debug(LD_DIRSERV,"Good fingerprint for '%s'",nickname);
  }
  if (result & FP_UNNAMED) {
    if (should_log) {
      char *esc_contact = esc_for_log(contact);
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
               "Mismatched fingerprint for '%s'. "
               "ContactInfo '%s', platform '%s'.)",
               nickname,
               esc_contact,
               platform ? escaped(platform) : "");
      tor_free(esc_contact);
    }
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Rejected: There is already a named server with this nickname "
        "and a different fingerprint.";
  }

  status_by_digest = digestmap_get(fingerprint_list->status_by_digest,
                                   id_digest);
  if (status_by_digest)
    result |= (status_by_digest->status & ~FP_NAMED);

  if (result & FP_REJECT) {
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Fingerprint is marked rejected";
    return FP_REJECT;
  } else if (result & FP_INVALID) {
    if (msg)
      *msg = "Fingerprint is marked invalid";
  }

  if (authdir_policy_baddir_address(addr, or_port)) {
    if (should_log)
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
               "Marking '%s' as bad directory because of address '%s'",
               nickname, address);
    result |= FP_BADDIR;
  }

  if (authdir_policy_badexit_address(addr, or_port)) {
    if (should_log)
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Marking '%s' as bad exit because of address '%s'",
               nickname, address);
    result |= FP_BADEXIT;
  }

  if (!(result & FP_NAMED)) {
    if (!authdir_policy_permits_address(addr, or_port)) {
      if (should_log)
        log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Rejecting '%s' because of address '%s'",
                 nickname, address);
      if (msg)
        *msg = "Authdir is rejecting routers in this range.";
      return FP_REJECT;
    }
    if (!authdir_policy_valid_address(addr, or_port)) {
      if (should_log)
        log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Not marking '%s' valid because of address '%s'",
                 nickname, address);
      result |= FP_INVALID;
    }
    if (reject_unlisted) {
      if (msg)
        *msg = "Authdir rejects unknown routers.";
      return FP_REJECT;
    }
  }

  return result;
}

/** If we are an authoritative dirserver, and the list of approved
 * servers contains one whose identity key digest is <b>digest</b>,
 * return that router's nickname.  Otherwise return NULL. */
const char *
dirserv_get_nickname_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  router_status_t *status;
  if (!fingerprint_list)
    return NULL;
  tor_assert(digest);

  status = digestmap_get(fingerprint_list->status_by_digest, digest);
  return status ? status->nickname : NULL;
}

/** Clear the current fingerprint list. */
void
dirserv_free_fingerprint_list(void)
{
  if (!fingerprint_list)
    return;

  strmap_free(fingerprint_list->fp_by_name, _tor_free);
  digestmap_free(fingerprint_list->status_by_digest, _tor_free);
  tor_free(fingerprint_list);
}

/*
 *    Descriptor list
 */

/** Return -1 if <b>ri</b> has a private or otherwise bad address,
 * unless we're configured to not care. Return 0 if all ok. */
static int
dirserv_router_has_valid_address(routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  struct in_addr iaddr;
  if (get_options()->DirAllowPrivateAddresses)
    return 0; /* whatever it is, we're fine with it */
  if (!tor_inet_aton(ri->address, &iaddr)) {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV,"Router '%s' published non-IP address '%s'. Refusing.",
             ri->nickname, ri->address);
    return -1;
  }
  if (is_internal_IP(ntohl(iaddr.s_addr), 0)) {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
             "Router '%s' published internal IP address '%s'. Refusing.",
             ri->nickname, ri->address);
    return -1; /* it's a private IP, we should reject it */
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Check whether we, as a directory server, want to accept <b>ri</b>.  If so,
 * set its is_valid,named,running fields and return 0.  Otherwise, return -1.
 *
 * If the router is rejected, set *<b>msg</b> to an explanation of why.
 *
 * If <b>complain</b> then explain at log-level 'notice' why we refused
 * a descriptor; else explain at log-level 'info'.
 */
int
authdir_wants_to_reject_router(routerinfo_t *ri, const char **msg,
                               int complain)
{
  /* Okay.  Now check whether the fingerprint is recognized. */
  uint32_t status = dirserv_router_get_status(ri, msg);
  time_t now;
  int severity = (complain && ri->contact_info) ? LOG_NOTICE : LOG_INFO;
  tor_assert(msg);
  if (status & FP_REJECT)
    return -1; /* msg is already set. */

  /* Is there too much clock skew? */
  now = time(NULL);
  if (ri->cache_info.published_on > now+ROUTER_ALLOW_SKEW) {
    log_fn(severity, LD_DIRSERV, "Publication time for nickname '%s' is too "
           "far (%d minutes) in the future; possible clock skew. Not adding "
           "(%s)",
           ri->nickname, (int)((ri->cache_info.published_on-now)/60),
           esc_router_info(ri));
    *msg = "Rejected: Your clock is set too far in the future, or your "
      "timezone is not correct.";
    return -1;
  }
  if (ri->cache_info.published_on < now-ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH) {
    log_fn(severity, LD_DIRSERV,
           "Publication time for router with nickname '%s' is too far "
           "(%d minutes) in the past. Not adding (%s)",
           ri->nickname, (int)((now-ri->cache_info.published_on)/60),
           esc_router_info(ri));
    *msg = "Rejected: Server is expired, or your clock is too far in the past,"
      " or your timezone is not correct.";
    return -1;
  }
  if (dirserv_router_has_valid_address(ri) < 0) {
    log_fn(severity, LD_DIRSERV,
           "Router with nickname '%s' has invalid address '%s'. "
           "Not adding (%s).",
           ri->nickname, ri->address,
           esc_router_info(ri));
    *msg = "Rejected: Address is not an IP, or IP is a private address.";
    return -1;
  }
  /* Okay, looks like we're willing to accept this one. */
  ri->is_named = (status & FP_NAMED) ? 1 : 0;
  ri->is_valid = (status & FP_INVALID) ? 0 : 1;
  ri->is_bad_directory = (status & FP_BADDIR) ? 1 : 0;
  ri->is_bad_exit = (status & FP_BADEXIT) ? 1 : 0;

  return 0;
}

/** True iff <b>a</b> is more severe than <b>b</b>. */
static int
WRA_MORE_SEVERE(was_router_added_t a, was_router_added_t b)
{
  return a < b;
}

/** As for dirserv_add_descriptor(), but accepts multiple documents, and
 * returns the most severe error that occurred for any one of them. */
was_router_added_t
dirserv_add_multiple_descriptors(const char *desc, uint8_t purpose,
                                 const char *source,
                                 const char **msg)
{
  was_router_added_t r, r_tmp;
  const char *msg_out;
  smartlist_t *list;
  const char *s;
  int n_parsed = 0;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  char annotation_buf[ROUTER_ANNOTATION_BUF_LEN];
  char time_buf[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  int general = purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL;
  tor_assert(msg);

  r=ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY; /*Least severe return value. */

  format_iso_time(time_buf, now);
  if (tor_snprintf(annotation_buf, sizeof(annotation_buf),
                   "@uploaded-at %s\n"
                   "@source %s\n"
                   "%s%s%s", time_buf, escaped(source),
                   !general ? "@purpose " : "",
                   !general ? router_purpose_to_string(purpose) : "",
                   !general ? "\n" : "")<0) {
    *msg = "Couldn't format annotations";
    return -1;
  }

  s = desc;
  list = smartlist_create();
  if (!router_parse_list_from_string(&s, NULL, list, SAVED_NOWHERE, 0, 0,
                                     annotation_buf)) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(list, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
        msg_out = NULL;
        tor_assert(ri->purpose == purpose);
        r_tmp = dirserv_add_descriptor(ri, &msg_out, source);
        if (WRA_MORE_SEVERE(r_tmp, r)) {
          r = r_tmp;
          *msg = msg_out;
        }
      });
  }
  n_parsed += smartlist_len(list);
  smartlist_clear(list);

  s = desc;
  if (!router_parse_list_from_string(&s, NULL, list, SAVED_NOWHERE, 1, 0,
                                     NULL)) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(list, extrainfo_t *, ei, {
        msg_out = NULL;

        r_tmp = dirserv_add_extrainfo(ei, &msg_out);
        if (WRA_MORE_SEVERE(r_tmp, r)) {
          r = r_tmp;
          *msg = msg_out;
        }
      });
  }
  n_parsed += smartlist_len(list);
  smartlist_free(list);

  if (! *msg) {
    if (!n_parsed) {
      *msg = "No descriptors found in your POST.";
      if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(r))
        r = ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW;
    } else {
      *msg = "(no message)";
    }
  }

  return r;
}

/** Examine the parsed server descriptor in <b>ri</b> and maybe insert it into
 * the list of server descriptors. Set *<b>msg</b> to a message that should be
 * passed back to the origin of this descriptor, or NULL if there is no such
 * message. Use <b>source</b> to produce better log messages.
 *
 * Return the status of the operation
 *
 * This function is only called when fresh descriptors are posted, not when
 * we re-load the cache.
 */
was_router_added_t
dirserv_add_descriptor(routerinfo_t *ri, const char **msg, const char *source)
{
  was_router_added_t r;
  routerinfo_t *ri_old;
  char *desc, *nickname;
  size_t desclen = 0;
  *msg = NULL;

  /* If it's too big, refuse it now. Otherwise we'll cache it all over the
   * network and it'll clog everything up. */
  if (ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len > MAX_DESCRIPTOR_UPLOAD_SIZE) {
    log_notice(LD_DIR, "Somebody attempted to publish a router descriptor '%s'"
               " (source: %s) with size %d. Either this is an attack, or the "
               "MAX_DESCRIPTOR_UPLOAD_SIZE (%d) constant is too low.",
               ri->nickname, source, (int)ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len,
               MAX_DESCRIPTOR_UPLOAD_SIZE);
    *msg = "Router descriptor was too large";
    control_event_or_authdir_new_descriptor("REJECTED",
               ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body,
               ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len, *msg);
    routerinfo_free(ri);
    return ROUTER_AUTHDIR_REJECTS;
  }

  /* Check whether this descriptor is semantically identical to the last one
   * from this server.  (We do this here and not in router_add_to_routerlist
   * because we want to be able to accept the newest router descriptor that
   * another authority has, so we all converge on the same one.) */
  ri_old = router_get_by_digest(ri->cache_info.identity_digest);
  if (ri_old && ri_old->cache_info.published_on < ri->cache_info.published_on
      && router_differences_are_cosmetic(ri_old, ri)
      && !router_is_me(ri)) {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
             "Not replacing descriptor from '%s' (source: %s); "
             "differences are cosmetic.",
             ri->nickname, source);
    *msg = "Not replacing router descriptor; no information has changed since "
      "the last one with this identity.";
    control_event_or_authdir_new_descriptor("DROPPED",
                         ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body,
                         ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len, *msg);
    routerinfo_free(ri);
    return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW;
  }

  /* Make a copy of desc, since router_add_to_routerlist might free
   * ri and its associated signed_descriptor_t. */
  desclen = ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
  desc = tor_strndup(ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body, desclen);
  nickname = tor_strdup(ri->nickname);

  /* Tell if we're about to need to launch a test if we add this. */
  ri->needs_retest_if_added =
    dirserv_should_launch_reachability_test(ri, ri_old);

  r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, msg, 0, 0);
  if (!WRA_WAS_ADDED(r)) {
    /* unless the routerinfo was fine, just out-of-date */
    if (WRA_WAS_REJECTED(r))
      control_event_or_authdir_new_descriptor("REJECTED", desc, desclen, *msg);
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
             "Did not add descriptor from '%s' (source: %s): %s.",
             nickname, source, *msg ? *msg : "(no message)");
  } else {
    smartlist_t *changed;
    control_event_or_authdir_new_descriptor("ACCEPTED", desc, desclen, *msg);

    changed = smartlist_create();
    smartlist_add(changed, ri);
    routerlist_descriptors_added(changed, 0);
    smartlist_free(changed);
    if (!*msg) {
      *msg =  ri->is_valid ? "Descriptor for valid server accepted" :
        "Descriptor for invalid server accepted";
    }
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
             "Added descriptor from '%s' (source: %s): %s.",
             nickname, source, *msg);
  }
  tor_free(desc);
  tor_free(nickname);
  return r;
}

/** As dirserv_add_descriptor, but for an extrainfo_t <b>ei</b>. */
static was_router_added_t
dirserv_add_extrainfo(extrainfo_t *ei, const char **msg)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  int r;
  tor_assert(msg);
  *msg = NULL;

  ri = router_get_by_digest(ei->cache_info.identity_digest);
  if (!ri) {
    *msg = "No corresponding router descriptor for extra-info descriptor";
    extrainfo_free(ei);
    return ROUTER_BAD_EI;
  }

  /* If it's too big, refuse it now. Otherwise we'll cache it all over the
   * network and it'll clog everything up. */
  if (ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len > MAX_EXTRAINFO_UPLOAD_SIZE) {
    log_notice(LD_DIR, "Somebody attempted to publish an extrainfo "
               "with size %d. Either this is an attack, or the "
               "MAX_EXTRAINFO_UPLOAD_SIZE (%d) constant is too low.",
               (int)ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len,
               MAX_EXTRAINFO_UPLOAD_SIZE);
    *msg = "Extrainfo document was too large";
    extrainfo_free(ei);
    return ROUTER_BAD_EI;
  }

  if ((r = routerinfo_incompatible_with_extrainfo(ri, ei, NULL, msg))) {
    extrainfo_free(ei);
    return r < 0 ? ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW : ROUTER_BAD_EI;
  }
  router_add_extrainfo_to_routerlist(ei, msg, 0, 0);
  return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
}

/** Remove all descriptors whose nicknames or fingerprints no longer
 * are allowed by our fingerprint list. (Descriptors that used to be
 * good can become bad when we reload the fingerprint list.)
 */
static void
directory_remove_invalid(void)
{
  int i;
  int changed = 0;
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();

  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(rl->routers); ++i) {
    const char *msg;
    routerinfo_t *ent = smartlist_get(rl->routers, i);
    uint32_t r = dirserv_router_get_status(ent, &msg);
    if (r & FP_REJECT) {
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Router '%s' is now rejected: %s",
               ent->nickname, msg?msg:"");
      routerlist_remove(rl, ent, 0, time(NULL));
      i--;
      changed = 1;
      continue;
    }
    if (bool_neq((r & FP_NAMED), ent->is_named)) {
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
               "Router '%s' is now %snamed.", ent->nickname,
               (r&FP_NAMED)?"":"un");
      ent->is_named = (r&FP_NAMED)?1:0;
      changed = 1;
    }
    if (bool_neq((r & FP_INVALID), !ent->is_valid)) {
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Router '%s' is now %svalid.", ent->nickname,
               (r&FP_INVALID) ? "in" : "");
      ent->is_valid = (r&FP_INVALID)?0:1;
      changed = 1;
    }
    if (bool_neq((r & FP_BADDIR), ent->is_bad_directory)) {
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Router '%s' is now a %s directory", ent->nickname,
               (r & FP_BADDIR) ? "bad" : "good");
      ent->is_bad_directory = (r&FP_BADDIR) ? 1: 0;
      changed = 1;
    }
    if (bool_neq((r & FP_BADEXIT), ent->is_bad_exit)) {
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Router '%s' is now a %s exit", ent->nickname,
               (r & FP_BADEXIT) ? "bad" : "good");
      ent->is_bad_exit = (r&FP_BADEXIT) ? 1: 0;
      changed = 1;
    }
  }
  if (changed)
    directory_set_dirty();

  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
}

/** Mark the directory as <b>dirty</b> -- when we're next asked for a
 * directory, we will rebuild it instead of reusing the most recently
 * generated one.
 */
void
directory_set_dirty(void)
{
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  int set_v1_dirty=0;

  /* Regenerate stubs only every 8 hours.
   * XXXX It would be nice to generate less often, but these are just
   * stubs: it doesn't matter. */
#define STUB_REGENERATE_INTERVAL (8*60*60)
  if (!the_directory || !the_runningrouters.dir)
    set_v1_dirty = 1;
  else if (the_directory->published < now - STUB_REGENERATE_INTERVAL ||
           the_runningrouters.published < now - STUB_REGENERATE_INTERVAL)
    set_v1_dirty = 1;

  if (set_v1_dirty) {
    if (!the_directory_is_dirty)
      the_directory_is_dirty = now;
    if (!runningrouters_is_dirty)
      runningrouters_is_dirty = now;
  }
  if (!the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty)
    the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty = now;
}

/**
 * Allocate and return a description of the status of the server <b>desc</b>,
 * for use in a v1-style router-status line.  The server is listed
 * as running iff <b>is_live</b> is true.
 */
static char *
list_single_server_status(routerinfo_t *desc, int is_live)
{
  char buf[MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+HEX_DIGEST_LEN+4]; /* !nickname=$hexdigest\0 */
  char *cp;

  tor_assert(desc);

  cp = buf;
  if (!is_live) {
    *cp++ = '!';
  }
  if (desc->is_valid) {
    strlcpy(cp, desc->nickname, sizeof(buf)-(cp-buf));
    cp += strlen(cp);
    *cp++ = '=';
  }
  *cp++ = '$';
  base16_encode(cp, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1, desc->cache_info.identity_digest,
                DIGEST_LEN);
  return tor_strdup(buf);
}

static INLINE int
running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable(void)
{
  return time_of_process_start
    + get_options()->TestingAuthDirTimeToLearnReachability < approx_time();
}

/** Each server needs to have passed a reachability test no more
 * than this number of seconds ago, or he is listed as down in
 * the directory. */
#define REACHABLE_TIMEOUT (45*60)

/** If we tested a router and found it reachable _at least this long_ after it
 * declared itself hibernating, it is probably done hibernating and we just
 * missed a descriptor from it. */
#define HIBERNATION_PUBLICATION_SKEW (60*60)

/** Treat a router as alive if
 *    - It's me, and I'm not hibernating.
 * or - We've found it reachable recently. */
void
dirserv_set_router_is_running(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now)
{
  /*XXXX023 This function is a mess.  Separate out the part that calculates
    whether it's reachable and the part that tells rephist that the router was
    unreachable.
   */
  int answer;

  if (router_is_me(router)) {
    /* We always know if we are down ourselves. */
    answer = ! we_are_hibernating();
  } else if (router->is_hibernating &&
             (router->cache_info.published_on +
              HIBERNATION_PUBLICATION_SKEW) > router->last_reachable) {
    /* A hibernating router is down unless we (somehow) had contact with it
     * since it declared itself to be hibernating. */
    answer = 0;
  } else if (get_options()->AssumeReachable) {
    /* If AssumeReachable, everybody is up unless they say they are down! */
    answer = 1;
  } else {
    /* Otherwise, a router counts as up if we found it reachable in the last
       REACHABLE_TIMEOUT seconds. */
    answer = (now < router->last_reachable + REACHABLE_TIMEOUT);
  }

  if (!answer && running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable()) {
    /* Not considered reachable. tell rephist about that.

       Because we launch a reachability test for each router every
       REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds, then the router has probably
       been down since at least that time after we last successfully reached
       it.
     */
    time_t when = now;
    if (router->last_reachable &&
        router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD < now)
      when = router->last_reachable + REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD;
    rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(router->cache_info.identity_digest, when);
  }

  router->is_running = answer;
}

/** Based on the routerinfo_ts in <b>routers</b>, allocate the
 * contents of a v1-style router-status line, and store it in
 * *<b>router_status_out</b>.  Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 *
 * If for_controller is true, include the routers with very old descriptors.
 */
int
list_server_status_v1(smartlist_t *routers, char **router_status_out,
                      int for_controller)
{
  /* List of entries in a router-status style: An optional !, then an optional
   * equals-suffixed nickname, then a dollar-prefixed hexdigest. */
  smartlist_t *rs_entries;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  time_t cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  /* We include v2 dir auths here too, because they need to answer
   * controllers. Eventually we'll deprecate this whole function;
   * see also networkstatus_getinfo_by_purpose(). */
  int authdir = authdir_mode_publishes_statuses(options);
  tor_assert(router_status_out);

  rs_entries = smartlist_create();

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(routers, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    if (authdir) {
      /* Update router status in routerinfo_t. */
      dirserv_set_router_is_running(ri, now);
    }
    if (for_controller) {
      char name_buf[MAX_VERBOSE_NICKNAME_LEN+2];
      char *cp = name_buf;
      if (!ri->is_running)
        *cp++ = '!';
      router_get_verbose_nickname(cp, ri);
      smartlist_add(rs_entries, tor_strdup(name_buf));
    } else if (ri->cache_info.published_on >= cutoff) {
      smartlist_add(rs_entries, list_single_server_status(ri, ri->is_running));
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);

  *router_status_out = smartlist_join_strings(rs_entries, " ", 0, NULL);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rs_entries, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_free(rs_entries);

  return 0;
}

/** Given a (possibly empty) list of config_line_t, each line of which contains
 * a list of comma-separated version numbers surrounded by optional space,
 * allocate and return a new string containing the version numbers, in order,
 * separated by commas.  Used to generate Recommended(Client|Server)?Versions
 */
static char *
format_versions_list(config_line_t *ln)
{
  smartlist_t *versions;
  char *result;
  versions = smartlist_create();
  for ( ; ln; ln = ln->next) {
    smartlist_split_string(versions, ln->value, ",",
                           SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 0);
  }
  sort_version_list(versions, 1);
  result = smartlist_join_strings(versions,",",0,NULL);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(versions,char *,s,tor_free(s));
  smartlist_free(versions);
  return result;
}

/** Return 1 if <b>ri</b>'s descriptor is "active" -- running, valid,
 * not hibernating, and not too old. Else return 0.
 */
static int
router_is_active(routerinfo_t *ri, time_t now)
{
  time_t cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  if (ri->cache_info.published_on < cutoff)
    return 0;
  if (!ri->is_running || !ri->is_valid || ri->is_hibernating)
    return 0;
  return 1;
}

/** Generate a new v1 directory and write it into a newly allocated string.
 * Point *<b>dir_out</b> to the allocated string.  Sign the
 * directory with <b>private_key</b>.  Return 0 on success, -1 on
 * failure. If <b>complete</b> is set, give us all the descriptors;
 * otherwise leave out non-running and non-valid ones.
 */
int
dirserv_dump_directory_to_string(char **dir_out,
                                 crypto_pk_env_t *private_key)
{
  char *cp;
  char *identity_pkey; /* Identity key, DER64-encoded. */
  char *recommended_versions;
  char digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  char published[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  char *buf = NULL;
  size_t buf_len;
  size_t identity_pkey_len;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  tor_assert(dir_out);
  *dir_out = NULL;

  if (crypto_pk_write_public_key_to_string(private_key,&identity_pkey,
                                           &identity_pkey_len)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"write identity_pkey to string failed!");
    return -1;
  }

  recommended_versions =
    format_versions_list(get_options()->RecommendedVersions);

  format_iso_time(published, now);

  buf_len = 2048+strlen(recommended_versions);

  buf = tor_malloc(buf_len);
  /* We'll be comparing against buf_len throughout the rest of the
     function, though strictly speaking we shouldn't be able to exceed
     it.  This is C, after all, so we may as well check for buffer
     overruns.*/

  tor_snprintf(buf, buf_len,
               "signed-directory\n"
               "published %s\n"
               "recommended-software %s\n"
               "router-status %s\n"
               "dir-signing-key\n%s\n",
               published, recommended_versions, "",
               identity_pkey);

  tor_free(recommended_versions);
  tor_free(identity_pkey);

  cp = buf + strlen(buf);
  *cp = '\0';

  /* These multiple strlcat calls are inefficient, but dwarfed by the RSA
     signature. */
  if (strlcat(buf, "directory-signature ", buf_len) >= buf_len)
    goto truncated;
  if (strlcat(buf, get_options()->Nickname, buf_len) >= buf_len)
    goto truncated;
  if (strlcat(buf, "\n", buf_len) >= buf_len)
    goto truncated;

  if (router_get_dir_hash(buf,digest)) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"couldn't compute digest");
    tor_free(buf);
    return -1;
  }
  note_crypto_pk_op(SIGN_DIR);
  if (router_append_dirobj_signature(buf,buf_len,digest,DIGEST_LEN,
                                     private_key)<0) {
    tor_free(buf);
    return -1;
  }

  *dir_out = buf;
  return 0;
 truncated:
  log_warn(LD_BUG,"tried to exceed string length.");
  tor_free(buf);
  return -1;
}

/********************************************************************/

/* A set of functions to answer questions about how we'd like to behave
 * as a directory mirror/client. */

/** Return 1 if we fetch our directory material directly from the
 * authorities, rather than from a mirror. */
int
directory_fetches_from_authorities(or_options_t *options)
{
  routerinfo_t *me;
  uint32_t addr;
  int refuseunknown;
  if (options->FetchDirInfoEarly)
    return 1;
  if (options->BridgeRelay == 1)
    return 0;
  if (server_mode(options) && router_pick_published_address(options, &addr)<0)
    return 1; /* we don't know our IP address; ask an authority. */
  refuseunknown = ! router_my_exit_policy_is_reject_star() &&
    should_refuse_unknown_exits(options);
  if (options->DirPort == 0 && !refuseunknown)
    return 0;
  if (!server_mode(options) || !advertised_server_mode())
    return 0;
  me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
  if (!me || (!me->dir_port && !refuseunknown))
    return 0; /* if dirport not advertised, return 0 too */
  return 1;
}

/** Return 1 if we should fetch new networkstatuses, descriptors, etc
 * on the "mirror" schedule rather than the "client" schedule.
 */
int
directory_fetches_dir_info_early(or_options_t *options)
{
  return directory_fetches_from_authorities(options);
}

/** Return 1 if we should fetch new networkstatuses, descriptors, etc
 * on a very passive schedule -- waiting long enough for ordinary clients
 * to probably have the info we want. These would include bridge users,
 * and maybe others in the future e.g. if a Tor client uses another Tor
 * client as a directory guard.
 */
int
directory_fetches_dir_info_later(or_options_t *options)
{
  return options->UseBridges != 0;
}

/** Return 1 if we want to cache v2 dir info (each status file).
 */
int
directory_caches_v2_dir_info(or_options_t *options)
{
  return options->DirPort != 0;
}

/** Return 1 if we want to keep descriptors, networkstatuses, etc around
 * and we're willing to serve them to others. Else return 0.
 */
int
directory_caches_dir_info(or_options_t *options)
{
  if (options->BridgeRelay || options->DirPort)
    return 1;
  if (!server_mode(options) || !advertised_server_mode())
    return 0;
  /* We need an up-to-date view of network info if we're going to try to
   * block exit attempts from unknown relays. */
  return ! router_my_exit_policy_is_reject_star() &&
    should_refuse_unknown_exits(options);
}

/** Return 1 if we want to allow remote people to ask us directory
 * requests via the "begin_dir" interface, which doesn't require
 * having any separate port open. */
int
directory_permits_begindir_requests(or_options_t *options)
{
  return options->BridgeRelay != 0 || options->DirPort != 0;
}

/** Return 1 if we want to allow controllers to ask us directory
 * requests via the controller interface, which doesn't require
 * having any separate port open. */
int
directory_permits_controller_requests(or_options_t *options)
{
  return options->DirPort != 0;
}

/** Return 1 if we have no need to fetch new descriptors. This generally
 * happens when we're not a dir cache and we haven't built any circuits
 * lately.
 */
int
directory_too_idle_to_fetch_descriptors(or_options_t *options, time_t now)
{
  return !directory_caches_dir_info(options) &&
         !options->FetchUselessDescriptors &&
         rep_hist_circbuilding_dormant(now);
}

/********************************************************************/

/* Used only by non-v1-auth dirservers: The v1 directory and
 * runningrouters we'll serve when requested. */

/** The v1 directory we'll serve (as a cache or as an authority) if
 * requested. */
static cached_dir_t *cached_directory = NULL;
/** The v1 runningrouters document we'll serve (as a cache or as an authority)
 * if requested. */
static cached_dir_t cached_runningrouters;

/** Used for other dirservers' v2 network statuses.  Map from hexdigest to
 * cached_dir_t. */
static digestmap_t *cached_v2_networkstatus = NULL;

/** Map from flavor name to the v3 consensuses that we're currently serving. */
static strmap_t *cached_consensuses = NULL;

/** Possibly replace the contents of <b>d</b> with the value of
 * <b>directory</b> published on <b>when</b>, unless <b>when</b> is older than
 * the last value, or too far in the future.
 *
 * Does not copy <b>directory</b>; frees it if it isn't used.
 */
static void
set_cached_dir(cached_dir_t *d, char *directory, time_t when)
{
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  if (when<=d->published) {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Ignoring old directory; not caching.");
    tor_free(directory);
  } else if (when>=now+ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH) {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Ignoring future directory; not caching.");
    tor_free(directory);
  } else {
    /* if (when>d->published && when<now+ROUTER_MAX_AGE) */
    log_debug(LD_DIRSERV, "Caching directory.");
    tor_free(d->dir);
    d->dir = directory;
    d->dir_len = strlen(directory);
    tor_free(d->dir_z);
    if (tor_gzip_compress(&(d->dir_z), &(d->dir_z_len), d->dir, d->dir_len,
                          ZLIB_METHOD)) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG,"Error compressing cached directory");
    }
    d->published = when;
  }
}

/** Decrement the reference count on <b>d</b>, and free it if it no longer has
 * any references. */
void
cached_dir_decref(cached_dir_t *d)
{
  if (!d || --d->refcnt > 0)
    return;
  clear_cached_dir(d);
  tor_free(d);
}

/** Allocate and return a new cached_dir_t containing the string <b>s</b>,
 * published at <b>published</b>. */
cached_dir_t *
new_cached_dir(char *s, time_t published)
{
  cached_dir_t *d = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(cached_dir_t));
  d->refcnt = 1;
  d->dir = s;
  d->dir_len = strlen(s);
  d->published = published;
  if (tor_gzip_compress(&(d->dir_z), &(d->dir_z_len), d->dir, d->dir_len,
                        ZLIB_METHOD)) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Error compressing directory");
  }
  return d;
}

/** Remove all storage held in <b>d</b>, but do not free <b>d</b> itself. */
static void
clear_cached_dir(cached_dir_t *d)
{
  tor_free(d->dir);
  tor_free(d->dir_z);
  memset(d, 0, sizeof(cached_dir_t));
}

/** Free all storage held by the cached_dir_t in <b>d</b>. */
static void
_free_cached_dir(void *_d)
{
  cached_dir_t *d;
  if (!_d)
    return;

  d = (cached_dir_t *)_d;
  cached_dir_decref(d);
}

/** If we have no cached v1 directory, or it is older than <b>published</b>,
 * then replace it with <b>directory</b>, published at <b>published</b>.
 *
 * If <b>published</b> is too old, do nothing.
 *
 * If <b>is_running_routers</b>, this is really a v1 running_routers
 * document rather than a v1 directory.
 */
void
dirserv_set_cached_directory(const char *directory, time_t published,
                             int is_running_routers)
{
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  if (is_running_routers) {
    if (published >= now - MAX_V1_RR_AGE)
      set_cached_dir(&cached_runningrouters, tor_strdup(directory), published);
  } else {
    if (published >= now - MAX_V1_DIRECTORY_AGE) {
      cached_dir_decref(cached_directory);
      cached_directory = new_cached_dir(tor_strdup(directory), published);
    }
  }
}

/** If <b>networkstatus</b> is non-NULL, we've just received a v2
 * network-status for an authoritative directory with identity digest
 * <b>identity</b> published at <b>published</b> -- store it so we can
 * serve it to others.
 *
 * If <b>networkstatus</b> is NULL, remove the entry with the given
 * identity fingerprint from the v2 cache.
 */
void
dirserv_set_cached_networkstatus_v2(const char *networkstatus,
                                    const char *identity,
                                    time_t published)
{
  cached_dir_t *d, *old_d;
  smartlist_t *trusted_dirs;
  if (!cached_v2_networkstatus)
    cached_v2_networkstatus = digestmap_new();

  old_d = digestmap_get(cached_v2_networkstatus, identity);
  if (!old_d && !networkstatus)
    return;

  if (networkstatus) {
    if (!old_d || published > old_d->published) {
      d = new_cached_dir(tor_strdup(networkstatus), published);
      digestmap_set(cached_v2_networkstatus, identity, d);
      if (old_d)
        cached_dir_decref(old_d);
    }
  } else {
    if (old_d) {
      digestmap_remove(cached_v2_networkstatus, identity);
      cached_dir_decref(old_d);
    }
  }

  /* Now purge old entries. */
  trusted_dirs = router_get_trusted_dir_servers();
  if (digestmap_size(cached_v2_networkstatus) >
      smartlist_len(trusted_dirs) + MAX_UNTRUSTED_NETWORKSTATUSES) {
    /* We need to remove the oldest untrusted networkstatus. */
    const char *oldest = NULL;
    time_t oldest_published = TIME_MAX;
    digestmap_iter_t *iter;

    for (iter = digestmap_iter_init(cached_v2_networkstatus);
         !digestmap_iter_done(iter);
         iter = digestmap_iter_next(cached_v2_networkstatus, iter)) {
      const char *ident;
      void *val;
      digestmap_iter_get(iter, &ident, &val);
      d = val;
      if (d->published < oldest_published &&
          !router_digest_is_trusted_dir(ident)) {
        oldest = ident;
        oldest_published = d->published;
      }
    }
    tor_assert(oldest);
    d = digestmap_remove(cached_v2_networkstatus, oldest);
    if (d)
      cached_dir_decref(d);
  }
}

/** Replace the v3 consensus networkstatus of type <b>flavor_name</b> that
 * we're serving with <b>networkstatus</b>, published at <b>published</b>.  No
 * validation is performed. */
void
dirserv_set_cached_consensus_networkstatus(const char *networkstatus,
                                           const char *flavor_name,
                                           const digests_t *digests,
                                           time_t published)
{
  cached_dir_t *new_networkstatus;
  cached_dir_t *old_networkstatus;
  if (!cached_consensuses)
    cached_consensuses = strmap_new();

  new_networkstatus = new_cached_dir(tor_strdup(networkstatus), published);
  memcpy(&new_networkstatus->digests, digests, sizeof(digests_t));
  old_networkstatus = strmap_set(cached_consensuses, flavor_name,
                                 new_networkstatus);
  if (old_networkstatus)
    cached_dir_decref(old_networkstatus);
}

/** Remove any v2 networkstatus from the directory cache that was published
 * before <b>cutoff</b>. */
void
dirserv_clear_old_networkstatuses(time_t cutoff)
{
  if (!cached_v2_networkstatus)
    return;

  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_MODIFY(cached_v2_networkstatus, id, cached_dir_t *, dir) {
    if (dir->published < cutoff) {
      char *fname;
      fname = networkstatus_get_cache_filename(id);
      if (file_status(fname) == FN_FILE) {
        log_info(LD_DIR, "Removing too-old untrusted networkstatus in %s",
                 fname);
        unlink(fname);
      }
      tor_free(fname);
      cached_dir_decref(dir);
      MAP_DEL_CURRENT(id);
    }
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END
}

/** Remove any v1 info from the directory cache that was published
 * too long ago. */
void
dirserv_clear_old_v1_info(time_t now)
{
  if (cached_directory &&
      cached_directory->published < (now - MAX_V1_DIRECTORY_AGE)) {
    cached_dir_decref(cached_directory);
    cached_directory = NULL;
  }
  if (cached_runningrouters.published < (now - MAX_V1_RR_AGE)) {
    clear_cached_dir(&cached_runningrouters);
  }
}

/** Helper: If we're an authority for the right directory version (v1 or v2)
 * (based on <b>auth_type</b>), try to regenerate
 * auth_src as appropriate and return it, falling back to cache_src on
 * failure.  If we're a cache, simply return cache_src.
 */
static cached_dir_t *
dirserv_pick_cached_dir_obj(cached_dir_t *cache_src,
                            cached_dir_t *auth_src,
                            time_t dirty, cached_dir_t *(*regenerate)(void),
                            const char *name,
                            authority_type_t auth_type)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  int authority = (auth_type == V1_AUTHORITY && authdir_mode_v1(options)) ||
                  (auth_type == V2_AUTHORITY && authdir_mode_v2(options));

  if (!authority || authdir_mode_bridge(options)) {
    return cache_src;
  } else {
    /* We're authoritative. */
    if (regenerate != NULL) {
      if (dirty && dirty + DIR_REGEN_SLACK_TIME < time(NULL)) {
        if (!(auth_src = regenerate())) {
          log_err(LD_BUG, "Couldn't generate %s?", name);
          exit(1);
        }
      } else {
        log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "The %s is still clean; reusing.", name);
      }
    }
    return auth_src ? auth_src : cache_src;
  }
}

/** Return the most recently generated encoded signed v1 directory,
 * generating a new one as necessary.  If not a v1 authoritative directory
 * may return NULL if no directory is yet cached. */
cached_dir_t *
dirserv_get_directory(void)
{
  return dirserv_pick_cached_dir_obj(cached_directory, the_directory,
                                     the_directory_is_dirty,
                                     dirserv_regenerate_directory,
                                     "v1 server directory", V1_AUTHORITY);
}

/** Only called by v1 auth dirservers.
 * Generate a fresh v1 directory; set the_directory and return a pointer
 * to the new value.
 */
static cached_dir_t *
dirserv_regenerate_directory(void)
{
  char *new_directory=NULL;

  if (dirserv_dump_directory_to_string(&new_directory,
                                       get_server_identity_key())) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Error creating directory.");
    tor_free(new_directory);
    return NULL;
  }
  cached_dir_decref(the_directory);
  the_directory = new_cached_dir(new_directory, time(NULL));
  log_info(LD_DIRSERV,"New directory (size %d) has been built.",
           (int)the_directory->dir_len);
  log_debug(LD_DIRSERV,"New directory (size %d):\n%s",
            (int)the_directory->dir_len, the_directory->dir);

  the_directory_is_dirty = 0;

  /* Save the directory to disk so we re-load it quickly on startup.
   */
  dirserv_set_cached_directory(the_directory->dir, time(NULL), 0);

  return the_directory;
}

/** Only called by v1 auth dirservers.
 * Replace the current running-routers list with a newly generated one. */
static cached_dir_t *
generate_runningrouters(void)
{
  char *s=NULL;
  char digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  char published[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  size_t len;
  crypto_pk_env_t *private_key = get_server_identity_key();
  char *identity_pkey; /* Identity key, DER64-encoded. */
  size_t identity_pkey_len;

  if (crypto_pk_write_public_key_to_string(private_key,&identity_pkey,
                                           &identity_pkey_len)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"write identity_pkey to string failed!");
    goto err;
  }
  format_iso_time(published, time(NULL));

  len = 2048;
  s = tor_malloc_zero(len);
  tor_snprintf(s, len,
               "network-status\n"
               "published %s\n"
               "router-status %s\n"
               "dir-signing-key\n%s"
               "directory-signature %s\n",
               published, "", identity_pkey,
               get_options()->Nickname);
  tor_free(identity_pkey);
  if (router_get_runningrouters_hash(s,digest)) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"couldn't compute digest");
    goto err;
  }
  note_crypto_pk_op(SIGN_DIR);
  if (router_append_dirobj_signature(s, len, digest, DIGEST_LEN,
                                     private_key)<0)
    goto err;

  set_cached_dir(&the_runningrouters, s, time(NULL));
  runningrouters_is_dirty = 0;

  return &the_runningrouters;
 err:
  tor_free(s);
  return NULL;
}

/** Set *<b>rr</b> to the most recently generated encoded signed
 * running-routers list, generating a new one as necessary.  Return the
 * size of the directory on success, and 0 on failure. */
cached_dir_t *
dirserv_get_runningrouters(void)
{
  return dirserv_pick_cached_dir_obj(
                         &cached_runningrouters, &the_runningrouters,
                         runningrouters_is_dirty,
                         generate_runningrouters,
                         "v1 network status list", V1_AUTHORITY);
}

/** Return the latest downloaded consensus networkstatus in encoded, signed,
 * optionally compressed format, suitable for sending to clients. */
cached_dir_t *
dirserv_get_consensus(const char *flavor_name)
{
  if (!cached_consensuses)
    return NULL;
  return strmap_get(cached_consensuses, flavor_name);
}

/** For authoritative directories: the current (v2) network status. */
static cached_dir_t *the_v2_networkstatus = NULL;

/** Return true iff our opinion of the routers has been stale for long
 * enough that we should generate a new v2 network status doc. */
static int
should_generate_v2_networkstatus(void)
{
  return authdir_mode_v2(get_options()) &&
    the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty &&
    the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty + DIR_REGEN_SLACK_TIME < time(NULL);
}

/** If a router's uptime is at least this value, then it is always
 * considered stable, regardless of the rest of the network. This
 * way we resist attacks where an attacker doubles the size of the
 * network using allegedly high-uptime nodes, displacing all the
 * current guards. */
#define UPTIME_TO_GUARANTEE_STABLE (3600*24*30)
/** If a router's MTBF is at least this value, then it is always stable.
 * See above.  (Corresponds to about 7 days for current decay rates.) */
#define MTBF_TO_GUARANTEE_STABLE (60*60*24*5)
/** Similarly, we protect sufficiently fast nodes from being pushed
 * out of the set of Fast nodes. */
#define BANDWIDTH_TO_GUARANTEE_FAST ROUTER_REQUIRED_MIN_BANDWIDTH
/** Similarly, every node with sufficient bandwidth can be considered
 * for Guard status. */
#define BANDWIDTH_TO_GUARANTEE_GUARD (250*1024)
/** Similarly, every node with at least this much weighted time known can be
 * considered familiar enough to be a guard.  Corresponds to about 20 days for
 * current decay rates.
 */
#define TIME_KNOWN_TO_GUARANTEE_FAMILIAR (8*24*60*60)
/** Similarly, every node with sufficient WFU is around enough to be a guard.
 */
#define WFU_TO_GUARANTEE_GUARD (0.98)

/* Thresholds for server performance: set by
 * dirserv_compute_performance_thresholds, and used by
 * generate_v2_networkstatus */

/** Any router with an uptime of at least this value is stable. */
static uint32_t stable_uptime = 0; /* start at a safe value */
/** Any router with an mtbf of at least this value is stable. */
static double stable_mtbf = 0.0;
/** If true, we have measured enough mtbf info to look at stable_mtbf rather
 * than stable_uptime. */
static int enough_mtbf_info = 0;
/** Any router with a weighted fractional uptime of at least this much might
 * be good as a guard. */
static double guard_wfu = 0.0;
/** Don't call a router a guard unless we've known about it for at least this
 * many seconds. */
static long guard_tk = 0;
/** Any router with a bandwidth at least this high is "Fast" */
static uint32_t fast_bandwidth = 0;
/** If exits can be guards, then all guards must have a bandwidth this
 * high. */
static uint32_t guard_bandwidth_including_exits = 0;
/** If exits can't be guards, then all guards must have a bandwidth this
 * high. */
static uint32_t guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits = 0;
/** Total bandwidth of all the routers we're considering. */
static uint64_t total_bandwidth = 0;
/** Total bandwidth of all the exit routers we're considering. */
static uint64_t total_exit_bandwidth = 0;

/** Helper: estimate the uptime of a router given its stated uptime and the
 * amount of time since it last stated its stated uptime. */
static INLINE long
real_uptime(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now)
{
  if (now < router->cache_info.published_on)
    return router->uptime;
  else
    return router->uptime + (now - router->cache_info.published_on);
}

/** Return 1 if <b>router</b> is not suitable for these parameters, else 0.
 * If <b>need_uptime</b> is non-zero, we require a minimum uptime.
 * If <b>need_capacity</b> is non-zero, we require a minimum advertised
 * bandwidth.
 */
static int
dirserv_thinks_router_is_unreliable(time_t now,
                                    routerinfo_t *router,
                                    int need_uptime, int need_capacity)
{
  if (need_uptime) {
    if (!enough_mtbf_info) {
      /* XXX023 Once most authorities are on v3, we should change the rule from
       * "use uptime if we don't have mtbf data" to "don't advertise Stable on
       * v3 if we don't have enough mtbf data."  Or maybe not, since if we ever
       * hit a point where we need to reset a lot of authorities at once,
       * none of them would be in a position to declare Stable.
       */
      long uptime = real_uptime(router, now);
      if ((unsigned)uptime < stable_uptime &&
          (unsigned)uptime < UPTIME_TO_GUARANTEE_STABLE)
        return 1;
    } else {
      double mtbf =
        rep_hist_get_stability(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now);
      if (mtbf < stable_mtbf &&
          mtbf < MTBF_TO_GUARANTEE_STABLE)
        return 1;
    }
  }
  if (need_capacity) {
    uint32_t bw = router_get_advertised_bandwidth(router);
    if (bw < fast_bandwidth)
      return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Return true iff <b>router</b> should be assigned the "HSDir" flag.
 * Right now this means it advertises support for it, it has a high
 * uptime, it has a DirPort open, and it's currently considered Running.
 *
 * This function needs to be called after router-\>is_running has
 * been set.
 */
static int
dirserv_thinks_router_is_hs_dir(routerinfo_t *router, time_t now)
{

  long uptime;

  /* If we haven't been running for at least
   * get_options()->MinUptimeHidServDirectoryV2 seconds, we can't
   * have accurate data telling us a relay has been up for at least
   * that long. We also want to allow a bit of slack: Reachability
   * tests aren't instant. If we haven't been running long enough,
   * trust the relay. */

  if (stats_n_seconds_working >
      get_options()->MinUptimeHidServDirectoryV2 * 1.1)
    uptime = MIN(rep_hist_get_uptime(router->cache_info.identity_digest, now),
                 real_uptime(router, now));
  else
    uptime = real_uptime(router, now);

  /* XXX We shouldn't need to check dir_port, but we do because of
   * bug 1693. In the future, once relays set wants_to_be_hs_dir
   * correctly, we can revert to only checking dir_port if router's
   * version is too old. */
  return (router->wants_to_be_hs_dir && router->dir_port &&
          uptime > get_options()->MinUptimeHidServDirectoryV2 &&
          router->is_running);
}

/** Look through the routerlist, the Mean Time Between Failure history, and
 * the Weighted Fractional Uptime history, and use them to set thresholds for
 * the Stable, Fast, and Guard flags.  Update the fields stable_uptime,
 * stable_mtbf, enough_mtbf_info, guard_wfu, guard_tk, fast_bandwidth,
 * guard_bandwidh_including_exits, guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits,
 * total_bandwidth, and total_exit_bandwidth.
 *
 * Also, set the is_exit flag of each router appropriately. */
static void
dirserv_compute_performance_thresholds(routerlist_t *rl)
{
  int n_active, n_active_nonexit, n_familiar;
  uint32_t *uptimes, *bandwidths, *bandwidths_excluding_exits;
  long *tks;
  double *mtbfs, *wfus;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  /* initialize these all here, in case there are no routers */
  stable_uptime = 0;
  stable_mtbf = 0;
  fast_bandwidth = 0;
  guard_bandwidth_including_exits = 0;
  guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits = 0;
  guard_tk = 0;
  guard_wfu = 0;
  total_bandwidth = 0;
  total_exit_bandwidth = 0;

  /* Initialize arrays that will hold values for each router.  We'll
   * sort them and use that to compute thresholds. */
  n_active = n_active_nonexit = 0;
  /* Uptime for every active router. */
  uptimes = tor_malloc(sizeof(uint32_t)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  /* Bandwidth for every active router. */
  bandwidths = tor_malloc(sizeof(uint32_t)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  /* Bandwidth for every active non-exit router. */
  bandwidths_excluding_exits =
    tor_malloc(sizeof(uint32_t)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  /* Weighted mean time between failure for each active router. */
  mtbfs = tor_malloc(sizeof(double)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  /* Time-known for each active router. */
  tks = tor_malloc(sizeof(long)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  /* Weighted fractional uptime for each active router. */
  wfus = tor_malloc(sizeof(double)*smartlist_len(rl->routers));

  /* Now, fill in the arrays. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    if (router_is_active(ri, now)) {
      const char *id = ri->cache_info.identity_digest;
      uint32_t bw;
      ri->is_exit = (!router_exit_policy_rejects_all(ri) &&
                    exit_policy_is_general_exit(ri->exit_policy));
      uptimes[n_active] = (uint32_t)real_uptime(ri, now);
      mtbfs[n_active] = rep_hist_get_stability(id, now);
      tks  [n_active] = rep_hist_get_weighted_time_known(id, now);
      bandwidths[n_active] = bw = router_get_advertised_bandwidth(ri);
      total_bandwidth += bw;
      if (ri->is_exit && !ri->is_bad_exit) {
        total_exit_bandwidth += bw;
      } else {
        bandwidths_excluding_exits[n_active_nonexit] = bw;
        ++n_active_nonexit;
      }
      ++n_active;
    }
  });

  /* Now, compute thresholds. */
  if (n_active) {
    /* The median uptime is stable. */
    stable_uptime = median_uint32(uptimes, n_active);
    /* The median mtbf is stable, if we have enough mtbf info */
    stable_mtbf = median_double(mtbfs, n_active);
    /* The 12.5th percentile bandwidth is fast. */
    fast_bandwidth = find_nth_uint32(bandwidths, n_active, n_active/8);
    /* (Now bandwidths is sorted.) */
    if (fast_bandwidth < ROUTER_REQUIRED_MIN_BANDWIDTH/2)
      fast_bandwidth = bandwidths[n_active/4];
    guard_bandwidth_including_exits = bandwidths[(n_active-1)/2];
    guard_tk = find_nth_long(tks, n_active, n_active/8);
  }

  if (guard_tk > TIME_KNOWN_TO_GUARANTEE_FAMILIAR)
    guard_tk = TIME_KNOWN_TO_GUARANTEE_FAMILIAR;

  if (fast_bandwidth > BANDWIDTH_TO_GUARANTEE_FAST)
    fast_bandwidth = BANDWIDTH_TO_GUARANTEE_FAST;

  /* Now that we have a time-known that 7/8 routers are known longer than,
   * fill wfus with the wfu of every such "familiar" router. */
  n_familiar = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
      if (router_is_active(ri, now)) {
        const char *id = ri->cache_info.identity_digest;
        long tk = rep_hist_get_weighted_time_known(id, now);
        if (tk < guard_tk)
          continue;
        wfus[n_familiar++] = rep_hist_get_weighted_fractional_uptime(id, now);
      }
    });
  if (n_familiar)
    guard_wfu = median_double(wfus, n_familiar);
  if (guard_wfu > WFU_TO_GUARANTEE_GUARD)
    guard_wfu = WFU_TO_GUARANTEE_GUARD;

  enough_mtbf_info = rep_hist_have_measured_enough_stability();

  if (n_active_nonexit) {
    guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits =
      median_uint32(bandwidths_excluding_exits, n_active_nonexit);
  }

  log(LOG_INFO, LD_DIRSERV,
      "Cutoffs: For Stable, %lu sec uptime, %lu sec MTBF. "
      "For Fast: %lu bytes/sec. "
      "For Guard: WFU %.03lf%%, time-known %lu sec, "
      "and bandwidth %lu or %lu bytes/sec. We%s have enough stability data.",
      (unsigned long)stable_uptime,
      (unsigned long)stable_mtbf,
      (unsigned long)fast_bandwidth,
      guard_wfu*100,
      (unsigned long)guard_tk,
      (unsigned long)guard_bandwidth_including_exits,
      (unsigned long)guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits,
      enough_mtbf_info ? "" : " don't ");

  tor_free(uptimes);
  tor_free(mtbfs);
  tor_free(bandwidths);
  tor_free(bandwidths_excluding_exits);
  tor_free(tks);
  tor_free(wfus);
}

/** Given a platform string as in a routerinfo_t (possibly null), return a
 * newly allocated version string for a networkstatus document, or NULL if the
 * platform doesn't give a Tor version. */
static char *
version_from_platform(const char *platform)
{
  if (platform && !strcmpstart(platform, "Tor ")) {
    const char *eos = find_whitespace(platform+4);
    if (eos && !strcmpstart(eos, " (r")) {
      /* XXXX Unify this logic with the other version extraction
       * logic in routerparse.c. */
      eos = find_whitespace(eos+1);
    }
    if (eos) {
      return tor_strndup(platform, eos-platform);
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

/** Helper: write the router-status information in <b>rs</b> into <b>buf</b>,
 * which has at least <b>buf_len</b> free characters.  Do NUL-termination.
 * Use the same format as in network-status documents.  If <b>version</b> is
 * non-NULL, add a "v" line for the platform.  Return 0 on success, -1 on
 * failure.
 *
 * The format argument has three possible values:
 *   NS_V2 - Output an entry suitable for a V2 NS opinion document
 *   NS_V3_CONSENSUS - Output the first portion of a V3 NS consensus entry
 *   NS_V3_CONSENSUS_MICRODESC - Output the first portion of a V3 microdesc
 *        consensus entry.
 *   NS_V3_VOTE - Output a complete V3 NS vote
 *   NS_CONTROL_PORT - Output a NS document for the control port
 */
int
routerstatus_format_entry(char *buf, size_t buf_len,
                          routerstatus_t *rs, const char *version,
                          routerstatus_format_type_t format)
{
  int r;
  struct in_addr in;
  char *cp;
  char *summary;

  char published[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  char ipaddr[INET_NTOA_BUF_LEN];
  char identity64[BASE64_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  char digest64[BASE64_DIGEST_LEN+1];

  format_iso_time(published, rs->published_on);
  digest_to_base64(identity64, rs->identity_digest);
  digest_to_base64(digest64, rs->descriptor_digest);
  in.s_addr = htonl(rs->addr);
  tor_inet_ntoa(&in, ipaddr, sizeof(ipaddr));

  r = tor_snprintf(buf, buf_len,
                   "r %s %s %s%s%s %s %d %d\n",
                   rs->nickname,
                   identity64,
                   (format==NS_V3_CONSENSUS_MICRODESC)?"":digest64,
                   (format==NS_V3_CONSENSUS_MICRODESC)?"":" ",
                   published,
                   ipaddr,
                   (int)rs->or_port,
                   (int)rs->dir_port);
  if (r<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Not enough space in buffer.");
    return -1;
  }

  /* TODO: Maybe we want to pass in what we need to build the rest of
   * this here, instead of in the caller. Then we could use the
   * networkstatus_type_t values, with an additional control port value
   * added -MP */
  if (format == NS_V3_CONSENSUS || format == NS_V3_CONSENSUS_MICRODESC)
    return 0;

  cp = buf + strlen(buf);
  /* NOTE: Whenever this list expands, be sure to increase MAX_FLAG_LINE_LEN*/
  r = tor_snprintf(cp, buf_len - (cp-buf),
                   "s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s\n",
                  /* These must stay in alphabetical order. */
                   rs->is_authority?" Authority":"",
                   rs->is_bad_directory?" BadDirectory":"",
                   rs->is_bad_exit?" BadExit":"",
                   rs->is_exit?" Exit":"",
                   rs->is_fast?" Fast":"",
                   rs->is_possible_guard?" Guard":"",
                   rs->is_hs_dir?" HSDir":"",
                   rs->is_named?" Named":"",
                   rs->is_running?" Running":"",
                   rs->is_stable?" Stable":"",
                   rs->is_unnamed?" Unnamed":"",
                   rs->is_v2_dir?" V2Dir":"",
                   rs->is_valid?" Valid":"");
  if (r<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Not enough space in buffer.");
    return -1;
  }
  cp += strlen(cp);

  /* length of "opt v \n" */
#define V_LINE_OVERHEAD 7
  if (version && strlen(version) < MAX_V_LINE_LEN - V_LINE_OVERHEAD) {
    if (tor_snprintf(cp, buf_len - (cp-buf), "opt v %s\n", version)<0) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unable to print router version.");
      return -1;
    }
    cp += strlen(cp);
  }

  if (format != NS_V2) {
    routerinfo_t* desc = router_get_by_digest(rs->identity_digest);
    uint32_t bw;

    if (format != NS_CONTROL_PORT) {
      /* Blow up more or less nicely if we didn't get anything or not the
       * thing we expected.
       */
      if (!desc) {
        char id[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        char dd[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];

        base16_encode(id, sizeof(id), rs->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
        base16_encode(dd, sizeof(dd), rs->descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "Cannot get any descriptor for %s "
            "(wanted descriptor %s).",
            id, dd);
        return -1;
      };

      /* This assert can fire for the control port, because
       * it can request NS documents before all descriptors
       * have been fetched. */
      if (memcmp(desc->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
            rs->descriptor_digest,
            DIGEST_LEN)) {
        char rl_d[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        char rs_d[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        char id[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];

        base16_encode(rl_d, sizeof(rl_d),
            desc->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
        base16_encode(rs_d, sizeof(rs_d), rs->descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
        base16_encode(id, sizeof(id), rs->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
        log_err(LD_BUG, "descriptor digest in routerlist does not match "
            "the one in routerstatus: %s vs %s "
            "(router %s)\n",
            rl_d, rs_d, id);

        tor_assert(!memcmp(desc->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
              rs->descriptor_digest,
              DIGEST_LEN));
      };
    }

    if (format == NS_CONTROL_PORT && rs->has_bandwidth) {
      bw = rs->bandwidth;
    } else {
      tor_assert(desc);
      bw = router_get_advertised_bandwidth_capped(desc) / 1000;
    }
    r = tor_snprintf(cp, buf_len - (cp-buf),
                     "w Bandwidth=%d\n", bw);

    if (r<0) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Not enough space in buffer.");
      return -1;
    }
    cp += strlen(cp);
    if (format == NS_V3_VOTE && rs->has_measured_bw) {
      *--cp = '\0'; /* Kill "\n" */
      r = tor_snprintf(cp, buf_len - (cp-buf),
                       " Measured=%d\n", rs->measured_bw);
      if (r<0) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "Not enough space in buffer for weight line.");
        return -1;
      }
      cp += strlen(cp);
    }

    if (desc) {
      summary = policy_summarize(desc->exit_policy);
      r = tor_snprintf(cp, buf_len - (cp-buf), "p %s\n", summary);
      if (r<0) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "Not enough space in buffer.");
        tor_free(summary);
        return -1;
      }
      cp += strlen(cp);
      tor_free(summary);
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Helper for sorting: compares two routerinfos first by address, and then by
 * descending order of "usefulness".  (An authority is more useful than a
 * non-authority; a running router is more useful than a non-running router;
 * and a router with more bandwidth is more useful than one with less.)
 **/
static int
_compare_routerinfo_by_ip_and_bw(const void **a, const void **b)
{
  routerinfo_t *first = *(routerinfo_t **)a, *second = *(routerinfo_t **)b;
  int first_is_auth, second_is_auth;
  uint32_t bw_first, bw_second;

  /* we return -1 if first should appear before second... that is,
   * if first is a better router. */
  if (first->addr < second->addr)
    return -1;
  else if (first->addr > second->addr)
    return 1;

  /* Potentially, this next bit could cause k n lg n memcmp calls.  But in
   * reality, we will almost never get here, since addresses will usually be
   * different. */

  first_is_auth =
    router_digest_is_trusted_dir(first->cache_info.identity_digest);
  second_is_auth =
    router_digest_is_trusted_dir(second->cache_info.identity_digest);

  if (first_is_auth && !second_is_auth)
    return -1;
  else if (!first_is_auth && second_is_auth)
    return 1;

  else if (first->is_running && !second->is_running)
    return -1;
  else if (!first->is_running && second->is_running)
    return 1;

  bw_first = router_get_advertised_bandwidth(first);
  bw_second = router_get_advertised_bandwidth(second);

  if (bw_first > bw_second)
     return -1;
  else if (bw_first < bw_second)
    return 1;

  /* They're equal! Compare by identity digest, so there's a
   * deterministic order and we avoid flapping. */
  return memcmp(first->cache_info.identity_digest,
                second->cache_info.identity_digest,
                DIGEST_LEN);
}

/** Given a list of routerinfo_t in <b>routers</b>, return a new digestmap_t
 * whose keys are the identity digests of those routers that we're going to
 * exclude for Sybil-like appearance. */
static digestmap_t *
get_possible_sybil_list(const smartlist_t *routers)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  digestmap_t *omit_as_sybil;
  smartlist_t *routers_by_ip = smartlist_create();
  uint32_t last_addr;
  int addr_count;
  /* Allow at most this number of Tor servers on a single IP address, ... */
  int max_with_same_addr = options->AuthDirMaxServersPerAddr;
  /* ... unless it's a directory authority, in which case allow more. */
  int max_with_same_addr_on_authority = options->AuthDirMaxServersPerAuthAddr;
  if (max_with_same_addr <= 0)
    max_with_same_addr = INT_MAX;
  if (max_with_same_addr_on_authority <= 0)
    max_with_same_addr_on_authority = INT_MAX;

  smartlist_add_all(routers_by_ip, routers);
  smartlist_sort(routers_by_ip, _compare_routerinfo_by_ip_and_bw);
  omit_as_sybil = digestmap_new();

  last_addr = 0;
  addr_count = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routers_by_ip, routerinfo_t *, ri,
    {
      if (last_addr != ri->addr) {
        last_addr = ri->addr;
        addr_count = 1;
      } else if (++addr_count > max_with_same_addr) {
        if (!router_addr_is_trusted_dir(ri->addr) ||
            addr_count > max_with_same_addr_on_authority)
          digestmap_set(omit_as_sybil, ri->cache_info.identity_digest, ri);
      }
    });

  smartlist_free(routers_by_ip);
  return omit_as_sybil;
}

/** Extract status information from <b>ri</b> and from other authority
 * functions and store it in <b>rs</b>>.  If <b>naming</b>, consider setting
 * the named flag in <b>rs</b>.
 *
 * We assume that ri-\>is_running has already been set, e.g. by
 *   dirserv_set_router_is_running(ri, now);
 */
void
set_routerstatus_from_routerinfo(routerstatus_t *rs,
                                 routerinfo_t *ri, time_t now,
                                 int naming, int listbadexits,
                                 int listbaddirs)
{
  int unstable_version =
    !tor_version_as_new_as(ri->platform,"0.1.1.16-rc-cvs");
  memset(rs, 0, sizeof(routerstatus_t));

  rs->is_authority =
    router_digest_is_trusted_dir(ri->cache_info.identity_digest);

  /* Already set by compute_performance_thresholds. */
  rs->is_exit = ri->is_exit;
  rs->is_stable = ri->is_stable =
    router_is_active(ri, now) &&
    !dirserv_thinks_router_is_unreliable(now, ri, 1, 0) &&
    !unstable_version;
  rs->is_fast = ri->is_fast =
    router_is_active(ri, now) &&
    !dirserv_thinks_router_is_unreliable(now, ri, 0, 1);
  rs->is_running = ri->is_running; /* computed above */

  if (naming) {
    uint32_t name_status = dirserv_get_name_status(
                         ri->cache_info.identity_digest, ri->nickname);
    rs->is_named = (naming && (name_status & FP_NAMED)) ? 1 : 0;
    rs->is_unnamed = (naming && (name_status & FP_UNNAMED)) ? 1 : 0;
  }
  rs->is_valid = ri->is_valid;

  if (rs->is_fast &&
      (router_get_advertised_bandwidth(ri) >= BANDWIDTH_TO_GUARANTEE_GUARD ||
       router_get_advertised_bandwidth(ri) >=
                              MIN(guard_bandwidth_including_exits,
                                  guard_bandwidth_excluding_exits))) {
    long tk = rep_hist_get_weighted_time_known(
                                      ri->cache_info.identity_digest, now);
    double wfu = rep_hist_get_weighted_fractional_uptime(
                                      ri->cache_info.identity_digest, now);
    rs->is_possible_guard = (wfu >= guard_wfu && tk >= guard_tk) ? 1 : 0;
  } else {
    rs->is_possible_guard = 0;
  }
  rs->is_bad_directory = listbaddirs && ri->is_bad_directory;
  rs->is_bad_exit = listbadexits && ri->is_bad_exit;
  ri->is_hs_dir = dirserv_thinks_router_is_hs_dir(ri, now);
  rs->is_hs_dir = ri->is_hs_dir;
  rs->is_v2_dir = ri->dir_port != 0;

  if (!strcasecmp(ri->nickname, UNNAMED_ROUTER_NICKNAME))
    rs->is_named = rs->is_unnamed = 0;

  rs->published_on = ri->cache_info.published_on;
  memcpy(rs->identity_digest, ri->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  memcpy(rs->descriptor_digest, ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
         DIGEST_LEN);
  rs->addr = ri->addr;
  strlcpy(rs->nickname, ri->nickname, sizeof(rs->nickname));
  rs->or_port = ri->or_port;
  rs->dir_port = ri->dir_port;
}

/** Routerstatus <b>rs</b> is part of a group of routers that are on
 * too narrow an IP-space. Clear out its flags: we don't want people
 * using it.
 */
static void
clear_status_flags_on_sybil(routerstatus_t *rs)
{
  rs->is_authority = rs->is_exit = rs->is_stable = rs->is_fast =
    rs->is_running = rs->is_named = rs->is_valid = rs->is_v2_dir =
    rs->is_hs_dir = rs->is_possible_guard = rs->is_bad_exit =
    rs->is_bad_directory = 0;
  /* FFFF we might want some mechanism to check later on if we
   * missed zeroing any flags: it's easy to add a new flag but
   * forget to add it to this clause. */
}

/** Clear all the status flags in routerinfo <b>router</b>. We put this
 * function here because it's eerily similar to
 * clear_status_flags_on_sybil() above. One day we should merge them. */
void
router_clear_status_flags(routerinfo_t *router)
{
  router->is_valid = router->is_running = router->is_hs_dir =
    router->is_fast = router->is_stable =
    router->is_possible_guard = router->is_exit =
    router->is_bad_exit = router->is_bad_directory = 0;
}

/**
 * Helper function to parse out a line in the measured bandwidth file
 * into a measured_bw_line_t output structure. Returns -1 on failure
 * or 0 on success.
 */
int
measured_bw_line_parse(measured_bw_line_t *out, const char *orig_line)
{
  char *line = tor_strdup(orig_line);
  char *cp = line;
  int got_bw = 0;
  int got_node_id = 0;
  char *strtok_state; /* lame sauce d'jour */
  cp = tor_strtok_r(cp, " \t", &strtok_state);

  if (!cp) {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Invalid line in bandwidth file: %s",
             escaped(orig_line));
    tor_free(line);
    return -1;
  }

  if (orig_line[strlen(orig_line)-1] != '\n') {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Incomplete line in bandwidth file: %s",
             escaped(orig_line));
    tor_free(line);
    return -1;
  }

  do {
    if (strcmpstart(cp, "bw=") == 0) {
      int parse_ok = 0;
      char *endptr;
      if (got_bw) {
        log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Double bw= in bandwidth file line: %s",
                 escaped(orig_line));
        tor_free(line);
        return -1;
      }
      cp+=strlen("bw=");

      out->bw = tor_parse_long(cp, 0, 0, LONG_MAX, &parse_ok, &endptr);
      if (!parse_ok || (*endptr && !TOR_ISSPACE(*endptr))) {
        log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Invalid bandwidth in bandwidth file line: %s",
                 escaped(orig_line));
        tor_free(line);
        return -1;
      }
      got_bw=1;
    } else if (strcmpstart(cp, "node_id=$") == 0) {
      if (got_node_id) {
        log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Double node_id= in bandwidth file line: %s",
                 escaped(orig_line));
        tor_free(line);
        return -1;
      }
      cp+=strlen("node_id=$");

      if (strlen(cp) != HEX_DIGEST_LEN ||
          base16_decode(out->node_id, DIGEST_LEN, cp, HEX_DIGEST_LEN)) {
        log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Invalid node_id in bandwidth file line: %s",
                 escaped(orig_line));
        tor_free(line);
        return -1;
      }
      strncpy(out->node_hex, cp, sizeof(out->node_hex));
      got_node_id=1;
    }
  } while ((cp = tor_strtok_r(NULL, " \t", &strtok_state)));

  if (got_bw && got_node_id) {
    tor_free(line);
    return 0;
  } else {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Incomplete line in bandwidth file: %s",
             escaped(orig_line));
    tor_free(line);
    return -1;
  }
}

/**
 * Helper function to apply a parsed measurement line to a list
 * of bandwidth statuses. Returns true if a line is found,
 * false otherwise.
 */
int
measured_bw_line_apply(measured_bw_line_t *parsed_line,
                       smartlist_t *routerstatuses)
{
  routerstatus_t *rs = NULL;
  if (!routerstatuses)
    return 0;

  rs = smartlist_bsearch(routerstatuses, parsed_line->node_id,
                         compare_digest_to_routerstatus_entry);

  if (rs) {
    rs->has_measured_bw = 1;
    rs->measured_bw = (uint32_t)parsed_line->bw;
  } else {
    log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Node ID %s not found in routerstatus list",
             parsed_line->node_hex);
  }

  return rs != NULL;
}

/**
 * Read the measured bandwidth file and apply it to the list of
 * routerstatuses. Returns -1 on error, 0 otherwise.
 */
int
dirserv_read_measured_bandwidths(const char *from_file,
                                 smartlist_t *routerstatuses)
{
  char line[256];
  FILE *fp = fopen(from_file, "r");
  int applied_lines = 0;
  time_t file_time;
  int ok;
  if (fp == NULL) {
    log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Can't open bandwidth file at configured location: %s",
             from_file);
    return -1;
  }

  if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp)
          || !strlen(line) || line[strlen(line)-1] != '\n') {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Long or truncated time in bandwidth file: %s",
             escaped(line));
    fclose(fp);
    return -1;
  }

  line[strlen(line)-1] = '\0';
  file_time = tor_parse_ulong(line, 10, 0, ULONG_MAX, &ok, NULL);
  if (!ok) {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Non-integer time in bandwidth file: %s",
             escaped(line));
    fclose(fp);
    return -1;
  }

  if ((time(NULL) - file_time) > MAX_MEASUREMENT_AGE) {
    log_warn(LD_DIRSERV, "Bandwidth measurement file stale. Age: %u",
             (unsigned)(time(NULL) - file_time));
    fclose(fp);
    return -1;
  }

  if (routerstatuses)
    smartlist_sort(routerstatuses, compare_routerstatus_entries);

  while (!feof(fp)) {
    measured_bw_line_t parsed_line;
    if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) && strlen(line)) {
      if (measured_bw_line_parse(&parsed_line, line) != -1) {
        if (measured_bw_line_apply(&parsed_line, routerstatuses) > 0)
          applied_lines++;
      }
    }
  }

  fclose(fp);
  log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
           "Bandwidth measurement file successfully read. "
           "Applied %d measurements.", applied_lines);
  return 0;
}

/** Return a new networkstatus_t* containing our current opinion. (For v3
 * authorities) */
networkstatus_t *
dirserv_generate_networkstatus_vote_obj(crypto_pk_env_t *private_key,
                                        authority_cert_t *cert)
{
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  networkstatus_t *v3_out = NULL;
  uint32_t addr;
  char *hostname = NULL, *client_versions = NULL, *server_versions = NULL;
  const char *contact;
  smartlist_t *routers, *routerstatuses;
  char identity_digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  char signing_key_digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  int naming = options->NamingAuthoritativeDir;
  int listbadexits = options->AuthDirListBadExits;
  int listbaddirs = options->AuthDirListBadDirs;
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  time_t cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  networkstatus_voter_info_t *voter = NULL;
  vote_timing_t timing;
  digestmap_t *omit_as_sybil = NULL;
  const int vote_on_reachability = running_long_enough_to_decide_unreachable();
  smartlist_t *microdescriptors = NULL;

  tor_assert(private_key);
  tor_assert(cert);

  if (resolve_my_address(LOG_WARN, options, &addr, &hostname)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_NET, "Couldn't resolve my hostname");
    return NULL;
  }
  if (!strchr(hostname, '.')) {
    tor_free(hostname);
    hostname = tor_dup_ip(addr);
  }
  if (crypto_pk_get_digest(private_key, signing_key_digest)<0) {
    log_err(LD_BUG, "Error computing signing key digest");
    return NULL;
  }
  if (crypto_pk_get_digest(cert->identity_key, identity_digest)<0) {
    log_err(LD_BUG, "Error computing identity key digest");
    return NULL;
  }

  if (options->VersioningAuthoritativeDir) {
    client_versions = format_versions_list(options->RecommendedClientVersions);
    server_versions = format_versions_list(options->RecommendedServerVersions);
  }

  contact = get_options()->ContactInfo;
  if (!contact)
    contact = "(none)";

  /* precompute this part, since we need it to decide what "stable"
   * means. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    dirserv_set_router_is_running(ri, now);
  });

  dirserv_compute_performance_thresholds(rl);

  routers = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_add_all(routers, rl->routers);
  routers_sort_by_identity(routers);
  omit_as_sybil = get_possible_sybil_list(routers);

  routerstatuses = smartlist_create();
  microdescriptors = smartlist_create();

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(routers, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    if (ri->cache_info.published_on >= cutoff) {
      routerstatus_t *rs;
      vote_routerstatus_t *vrs;
      microdesc_t *md;

      vrs = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(vote_routerstatus_t));
      rs = &vrs->status;
      set_routerstatus_from_routerinfo(rs, ri, now,
                                       naming, listbadexits, listbaddirs);

      if (digestmap_get(omit_as_sybil, ri->cache_info.identity_digest))
        clear_status_flags_on_sybil(rs);

      if (!vote_on_reachability)
        rs->is_running = 0;

      vrs->version = version_from_platform(ri->platform);
      md = dirvote_create_microdescriptor(ri);
      if (md) {
        char buf[128];
        vote_microdesc_hash_t *h;
        dirvote_format_microdesc_vote_line(buf, sizeof(buf), md);
        h = tor_malloc(sizeof(vote_microdesc_hash_t));
        h->microdesc_hash_line = tor_strdup(buf);
        h->next = NULL;
        vrs->microdesc = h;
        md->last_listed = now;
        smartlist_add(microdescriptors, md);
      }

      smartlist_add(routerstatuses, vrs);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);

  {
    smartlist_t *added =
      microdescs_add_list_to_cache(get_microdesc_cache(),
                                   microdescriptors, SAVED_NOWHERE, 0);
    smartlist_free(added);
    smartlist_free(microdescriptors);
  }

  smartlist_free(routers);
  digestmap_free(omit_as_sybil, NULL);

  if (options->V3BandwidthsFile) {
    dirserv_read_measured_bandwidths(options->V3BandwidthsFile,
                                     routerstatuses);
  }

  v3_out = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(networkstatus_t));

  v3_out->type = NS_TYPE_VOTE;
  dirvote_get_preferred_voting_intervals(&timing);
  v3_out->published = now;
  {
    char tbuf[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
    networkstatus_t *current_consensus =
      networkstatus_get_live_consensus(now);
    long last_consensus_interval; /* only used to pick a valid_after */
    if (current_consensus)
      last_consensus_interval = current_consensus->fresh_until -
        current_consensus->valid_after;
    else
      last_consensus_interval = options->TestingV3AuthInitialVotingInterval;
    v3_out->valid_after =
      dirvote_get_start_of_next_interval(now, (int)last_consensus_interval);
    format_iso_time(tbuf, v3_out->valid_after);
    log_notice(LD_DIR,"Choosing valid-after time in vote as %s: "
               "consensus_set=%d, last_interval=%d",
               tbuf, current_consensus?1:0, (int)last_consensus_interval);
  }
  v3_out->fresh_until = v3_out->valid_after + timing.vote_interval;
  v3_out->valid_until = v3_out->valid_after +
    (timing.vote_interval * timing.n_intervals_valid);
  v3_out->vote_seconds = timing.vote_delay;
  v3_out->dist_seconds = timing.dist_delay;
  tor_assert(v3_out->vote_seconds > 0);
  tor_assert(v3_out->dist_seconds > 0);
  tor_assert(timing.n_intervals_valid > 0);

  v3_out->client_versions = client_versions;
  v3_out->server_versions = server_versions;
  v3_out->known_flags = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_split_string(v3_out->known_flags,
                "Authority Exit Fast Guard HSDir Stable V2Dir Valid",
                0, SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 0);
  if (vote_on_reachability)
    smartlist_add(v3_out->known_flags, tor_strdup("Running"));
  if (listbaddirs)
    smartlist_add(v3_out->known_flags, tor_strdup("BadDirectory"));
  if (listbadexits)
    smartlist_add(v3_out->known_flags, tor_strdup("BadExit"));
  if (naming) {
    smartlist_add(v3_out->known_flags, tor_strdup("Named"));
    smartlist_add(v3_out->known_flags, tor_strdup("Unnamed"));
  }
  smartlist_sort_strings(v3_out->known_flags);

  if (options->ConsensusParams) {
    v3_out->net_params = smartlist_create();
    smartlist_split_string(v3_out->net_params,
                           options->ConsensusParams, NULL, 0, 0);
    smartlist_sort_strings(v3_out->net_params);
  }

  voter = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(networkstatus_voter_info_t));
  voter->nickname = tor_strdup(options->Nickname);
  memcpy(voter->identity_digest, identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  voter->sigs = smartlist_create();
  voter->address = hostname;
  voter->addr = addr;
  voter->dir_port = options->DirPort;
  voter->or_port = options->ORPort;
  voter->contact = tor_strdup(contact);
  if (options->V3AuthUseLegacyKey) {
    authority_cert_t *c = get_my_v3_legacy_cert();
    if (c) {
      crypto_pk_get_digest(c->identity_key, voter->legacy_id_digest);
    }
  }

  v3_out->voters = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_add(v3_out->voters, voter);
  v3_out->cert = authority_cert_dup(cert);
  v3_out->routerstatus_list = routerstatuses;
  /* Note: networkstatus_digest is unset; it won't get set until we actually
   * format the vote. */

  return v3_out;
}

/** For v2 authoritative directories only: Replace the contents of
 * <b>the_v2_networkstatus</b> with a newly generated network status
 * object.  */
static cached_dir_t *
generate_v2_networkstatus_opinion(void)
{
  cached_dir_t *r = NULL;
  size_t len, identity_pkey_len;
  char *status = NULL, *client_versions = NULL, *server_versions = NULL,
    *identity_pkey = NULL, *hostname = NULL;
  char *outp, *endp;
  or_options_t *options = get_options();
  char fingerprint[FINGERPRINT_LEN+1];
  char ipaddr[INET_NTOA_BUF_LEN];
  char published[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
  char digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  struct in_addr in;
  uint32_t addr;
  crypto_pk_env_t *private_key;
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  time_t cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  int naming = options->NamingAuthoritativeDir;
  int versioning = options->VersioningAuthoritativeDir;
  int listbaddirs = options->AuthDirListBadDirs;
  int listbadexits = options->AuthDirListBadExits;
  const char *contact;
  char *version_lines = NULL;
  smartlist_t *routers = NULL;
  digestmap_t *omit_as_sybil = NULL;

  private_key = get_server_identity_key();

  if (resolve_my_address(LOG_WARN, options, &addr, &hostname)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_NET, "Couldn't resolve my hostname");
    goto done;
  }
  in.s_addr = htonl(addr);
  tor_inet_ntoa(&in, ipaddr, sizeof(ipaddr));

  format_iso_time(published, now);

  client_versions = format_versions_list(options->RecommendedClientVersions);
  server_versions = format_versions_list(options->RecommendedServerVersions);

  if (crypto_pk_write_public_key_to_string(private_key, &identity_pkey,
                                           &identity_pkey_len)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Writing public key to string failed.");
    goto done;
  }

  if (crypto_pk_get_fingerprint(private_key, fingerprint, 0)<0) {
    log_err(LD_BUG, "Error computing fingerprint");
    goto done;
  }

  contact = get_options()->ContactInfo;
  if (!contact)
    contact = "(none)";

  if (versioning) {
    size_t v_len = 64+strlen(client_versions)+strlen(server_versions);
    version_lines = tor_malloc(v_len);
    tor_snprintf(version_lines, v_len,
                 "client-versions %s\nserver-versions %s\n",
                 client_versions, server_versions);
  } else {
    version_lines = tor_strdup("");
  }

  len = 4096+strlen(client_versions)+strlen(server_versions);
  len += identity_pkey_len*2;
  len += (RS_ENTRY_LEN)*smartlist_len(rl->routers);

  status = tor_malloc(len);
  tor_snprintf(status, len,
               "network-status-version 2\n"
               "dir-source %s %s %d\n"
               "fingerprint %s\n"
               "contact %s\n"
               "published %s\n"
               "dir-options%s%s%s%s\n"
               "%s" /* client version line, server version line. */
               "dir-signing-key\n%s",
               hostname, ipaddr, (int)options->DirPort,
               fingerprint,
               contact,
               published,
               naming ? " Names" : "",
               listbaddirs ? " BadDirectories" : "",
               listbadexits ? " BadExits" : "",
               versioning ? " Versions" : "",
               version_lines,
               identity_pkey);
  outp = status + strlen(status);
  endp = status + len;

  /* precompute this part, since we need it to decide what "stable"
   * means. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    dirserv_set_router_is_running(ri, now);
  });

  dirserv_compute_performance_thresholds(rl);

  routers = smartlist_create();
  smartlist_add_all(routers, rl->routers);
  routers_sort_by_identity(routers);

  omit_as_sybil = get_possible_sybil_list(routers);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routers, routerinfo_t *, ri, {
    if (ri->cache_info.published_on >= cutoff) {
      routerstatus_t rs;
      char *version = version_from_platform(ri->platform);

      set_routerstatus_from_routerinfo(&rs, ri, now,
                                       naming, listbadexits, listbaddirs);

      if (digestmap_get(omit_as_sybil, ri->cache_info.identity_digest))
        clear_status_flags_on_sybil(&rs);

      if (routerstatus_format_entry(outp, endp-outp, &rs, version, NS_V2)) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unable to print router status.");
        tor_free(version);
        goto done;
      }
      tor_free(version);
      outp += strlen(outp);
    }
  });

  if (tor_snprintf(outp, endp-outp, "directory-signature %s\n",
                   get_options()->Nickname)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unable to write signature line.");
    goto done;
  }
  if (router_get_networkstatus_v2_hash(status, digest)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unable to hash network status");
    goto done;
  }
  outp += strlen(outp);

  note_crypto_pk_op(SIGN_DIR);
  if (router_append_dirobj_signature(outp,endp-outp,digest,DIGEST_LEN,
                                     private_key)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unable to sign router status.");
    goto done;
  }

  {
    networkstatus_v2_t *ns;
    if (!(ns = networkstatus_v2_parse_from_string(status))) {
      log_err(LD_BUG,"Generated a networkstatus we couldn't parse.");
      goto done;
    }
    networkstatus_v2_free(ns);
  }

  {
    cached_dir_t **ns_ptr = &the_v2_networkstatus;
    if (*ns_ptr)
      cached_dir_decref(*ns_ptr);
    *ns_ptr = new_cached_dir(status, now);
    status = NULL; /* So it doesn't get double-freed. */
    the_v2_networkstatus_is_dirty = 0;
    router_set_networkstatus_v2((*ns_ptr)->dir, now, NS_GENERATED, NULL);
    r = *ns_ptr;
  }

 done:
  tor_free(client_versions);
  tor_free(server_versions);
  tor_free(version_lines);
  tor_free(status);
  tor_free(hostname);
  tor_free(identity_pkey);
  smartlist_free(routers);
  digestmap_free(omit_as_sybil, NULL);
  return r;
}

/** Given the portion of a networkstatus request URL after "tor/status/" in
 * <b>key</b>, append to <b>result</b> the digests of the identity keys of the
 * networkstatus objects that the client has requested. */
void
dirserv_get_networkstatus_v2_fingerprints(smartlist_t *result,
                                          const char *key)
{
  tor_assert(result);

  if (!cached_v2_networkstatus)
    cached_v2_networkstatus = digestmap_new();

  if (should_generate_v2_networkstatus())
    generate_v2_networkstatus_opinion();

  if (!strcmp(key,"authority")) {
    if (authdir_mode_v2(get_options())) {
      routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
      if (me)
        smartlist_add(result,
                      tor_memdup(me->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
    }
  } else if (!strcmp(key, "all")) {
    if (digestmap_size(cached_v2_networkstatus)) {
      digestmap_iter_t *iter;
      iter = digestmap_iter_init(cached_v2_networkstatus);
      while (!digestmap_iter_done(iter)) {
        const char *ident;
        void *val;
        digestmap_iter_get(iter, &ident, &val);
        smartlist_add(result, tor_memdup(ident, DIGEST_LEN));
        iter = digestmap_iter_next(cached_v2_networkstatus, iter);
      }
    } else {
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(router_get_trusted_dir_servers(),
                  trusted_dir_server_t *, ds,
                  if (ds->type & V2_AUTHORITY)
                    smartlist_add(result, tor_memdup(ds->digest, DIGEST_LEN)));
    }
    smartlist_sort_digests(result);
    if (smartlist_len(result) == 0)
      log_info(LD_DIRSERV,
               "Client requested 'all' network status objects; we have none.");
  } else if (!strcmpstart(key, "fp/")) {
    dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(key+3, result, NULL,
                                         DSR_HEX|DSR_SORT_UNIQ);
  }
}

/** Look for a network status object as specified by <b>key</b>, which should
 * be either "authority" (to find a network status generated by us), a hex
 * identity digest (to find a network status generated by given directory), or
 * "all" (to return all the v2 network status objects we have).
 */
void
dirserv_get_networkstatus_v2(smartlist_t *result,
                             const char *key)
{
  cached_dir_t *cached;
  smartlist_t *fingerprints = smartlist_create();
  tor_assert(result);

  if (!cached_v2_networkstatus)
    cached_v2_networkstatus = digestmap_new();

  dirserv_get_networkstatus_v2_fingerprints(fingerprints, key);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fingerprints, const char *, fp,
    {
      if (router_digest_is_me(fp) && should_generate_v2_networkstatus())
        generate_v2_networkstatus_opinion();
      cached = digestmap_get(cached_v2_networkstatus, fp);
      if (cached) {
        smartlist_add(result, cached);
      } else {
        char hexbuf[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        base16_encode(hexbuf, sizeof(hexbuf), fp, DIGEST_LEN);
        log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Don't know about any network status with "
                 "fingerprint '%s'", hexbuf);
      }
    });
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fingerprints, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_free(fingerprints);
}

/** As dirserv_get_routerdescs(), but instead of getting signed_descriptor_t
 * pointers, adds copies of digests to fps_out, and doesn't use the
 * /tor/server/ prefix.  For a /d/ request, adds descriptor digests; for other
 * requests, adds identity digests.
 */
int
dirserv_get_routerdesc_fingerprints(smartlist_t *fps_out, const char *key,
                                    const char **msg, int for_unencrypted_conn,
                                    int is_extrainfo)
{
  int by_id = 1;
  *msg = NULL;

  if (!strcmp(key, "all")) {
    routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                      smartlist_add(fps_out,
                      tor_memdup(r->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)));
    /* Treat "all" requests as if they were unencrypted */
    for_unencrypted_conn = 1;
  } else if (!strcmp(key, "authority")) {
    routerinfo_t *ri = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    if (ri)
      smartlist_add(fps_out,
                    tor_memdup(ri->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
  } else if (!strcmpstart(key, "d/")) {
    by_id = 0;
    key += strlen("d/");
    dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(key, fps_out, NULL,
                                         DSR_HEX|DSR_SORT_UNIQ);
  } else if (!strcmpstart(key, "fp/")) {
    key += strlen("fp/");
    dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(key, fps_out, NULL,
                                         DSR_HEX|DSR_SORT_UNIQ);
  } else {
    *msg = "Key not recognized";
    return -1;
  }

  if (for_unencrypted_conn) {
    /* Remove anything that insists it not be sent unencrypted. */
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps_out, char *, cp, {
        signed_descriptor_t *sd;
        if (by_id)
          sd = get_signed_descriptor_by_fp(cp,is_extrainfo,0);
        else if (is_extrainfo)
          sd = extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest(cp);
        else
          sd = router_get_by_descriptor_digest(cp);
        if (sd && !sd->send_unencrypted) {
          tor_free(cp);
          SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(fps_out, cp);
        }
      });
  }

  if (!smartlist_len(fps_out)) {
    *msg = "Servers unavailable";
    return -1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Add a signed_descriptor_t to <b>descs_out</b> for each router matching
 * <b>key</b>.  The key should be either
 *   - "/tor/server/authority" for our own routerinfo;
 *   - "/tor/server/all" for all the routerinfos we have, concatenated;
 *   - "/tor/server/fp/FP" where FP is a plus-separated sequence of
 *     hex identity digests; or
 *   - "/tor/server/d/D" where D is a plus-separated sequence
 *     of server descriptor digests, in hex.
 *
 * Return 0 if we found some matching descriptors, or -1 if we do not
 * have any descriptors, no matching descriptors, or if we did not
 * recognize the key (URL).
 * If -1 is returned *<b>msg</b> will be set to an appropriate error
 * message.
 *
 * XXXX rename this function.  It's only called from the controller.
 * XXXX in fact, refactor this function, merging as much as possible.
 */
int
dirserv_get_routerdescs(smartlist_t *descs_out, const char *key,
                        const char **msg)
{
  *msg = NULL;

  if (!strcmp(key, "/tor/server/all")) {
    routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                      smartlist_add(descs_out, &(r->cache_info)));
  } else if (!strcmp(key, "/tor/server/authority")) {
    routerinfo_t *ri = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    if (ri)
      smartlist_add(descs_out, &(ri->cache_info));
  } else if (!strcmpstart(key, "/tor/server/d/")) {
    smartlist_t *digests = smartlist_create();
    key += strlen("/tor/server/d/");
    dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(key, digests, NULL,
                                         DSR_HEX|DSR_SORT_UNIQ);
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(digests, const char *, d,
       {
         signed_descriptor_t *sd = router_get_by_descriptor_digest(d);
         if (sd)
           smartlist_add(descs_out,sd);
       });
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(digests, char *, d, tor_free(d));
    smartlist_free(digests);
  } else if (!strcmpstart(key, "/tor/server/fp/")) {
    smartlist_t *digests = smartlist_create();
    time_t cutoff = time(NULL) - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
    key += strlen("/tor/server/fp/");
    dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(key, digests, NULL,
                                         DSR_HEX|DSR_SORT_UNIQ);
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(digests, const char *, d,
       {
         if (router_digest_is_me(d)) {
           /* make sure desc_routerinfo exists */
           routerinfo_t *ri = router_get_my_routerinfo();
           if (ri)
             smartlist_add(descs_out, &(ri->cache_info));
         } else {
           routerinfo_t *ri = router_get_by_digest(d);
           /* Don't actually serve a descriptor that everyone will think is
            * expired.  This is an (ugly) workaround to keep buggy 0.1.1.10
            * Tors from downloading descriptors that they will throw away.
            */
           if (ri && ri->cache_info.published_on > cutoff)
             smartlist_add(descs_out, &(ri->cache_info));
         }
       });
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(digests, char *, d, tor_free(d));
    smartlist_free(digests);
  } else {
    *msg = "Key not recognized";
    return -1;
  }

  if (!smartlist_len(descs_out)) {
    *msg = "Servers unavailable";
    return -1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Called when a TLS handshake has completed successfully with a
 * router listening at <b>address</b>:<b>or_port</b>, and has yielded
 * a certificate with digest <b>digest_rcvd</b>.
 *
 * Also, if as_advertised is 1, then inform the reachability checker
 * that we could get to this guy.
 */
void
dirserv_orconn_tls_done(const char *address,
                        uint16_t or_port,
                        const char *digest_rcvd,
                        int as_advertised)
{
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  int bridge_auth = authdir_mode_bridge(get_options());
  tor_assert(address);
  tor_assert(digest_rcvd);

  /* XXX023 Doing a loop like this is stupid.  We should just look up the
   * router by digest_rcvd, and see if address, orport, and as_advertised
   * match up. -NM */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    if (!strcasecmp(address, ri->address) && or_port == ri->or_port &&
        as_advertised &&
        !memcmp(ri->cache_info.identity_digest, digest_rcvd, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      /* correct digest. mark this router reachable! */
      if (!bridge_auth || ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE) {
        tor_addr_t addr, *addrp=NULL;
        log_info(LD_DIRSERV, "Found router %s to be reachable at %s:%d. Yay.",
                 ri->nickname, address, ri->or_port );
        if (tor_addr_from_str(&addr, ri->address) != -1)
          addrp = &addr;
        else
          log_warn(LD_BUG, "Couldn't parse IP address \"%s\"", ri->address);
        rep_hist_note_router_reachable(digest_rcvd, addrp, or_port, now);
        ri->last_reachable = now;
      }
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);
  /* FFFF Maybe we should reinstate the code that dumps routers with the same
   * addr/port but with nonmatching keys, but instead of dumping, we should
   * skip testing. */
}

/** Called when we, as an authority, receive a new router descriptor either as
 * an upload or a download.  Used to decide whether to relaunch reachability
 * testing for the server. */
int
dirserv_should_launch_reachability_test(routerinfo_t *ri, routerinfo_t *ri_old)
{
  if (!authdir_mode_handles_descs(get_options(), ri->purpose))
    return 0;
  if (!ri_old) {
    /* New router: Launch an immediate reachability test, so we will have an
     * opinion soon in case we're generating a consensus soon */
    return 1;
  }
  if (ri_old->is_hibernating && !ri->is_hibernating) {
    /* It just came out of hibernation; launch a reachability test */
    return 1;
  }
  if (! routers_have_same_or_addr(ri, ri_old)) {
    /* Address or port changed; launch a reachability test */
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Helper function for dirserv_test_reachability(). Start a TLS
 * connection to <b>router</b>, and annotate it with when we started
 * the test. */
void
dirserv_single_reachability_test(time_t now, routerinfo_t *router)
{
  tor_addr_t router_addr;
  log_debug(LD_OR,"Testing reachability of %s at %s:%u.",
            router->nickname, router->address, router->or_port);
  /* Remember when we started trying to determine reachability */
  if (!router->testing_since)
    router->testing_since = now;
  tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&router_addr, router->addr);
  connection_or_connect(&router_addr, router->or_port,
                        router->cache_info.identity_digest);
}

/** Auth dir server only: load balance such that we only
 * try a few connections per call.
 *
 * The load balancing is such that if we get called once every ten
 * seconds, we will cycle through all the tests in
 * REACHABILITY_TEST_CYCLE_PERIOD seconds (a bit over 20 minutes).
 */
void
dirserv_test_reachability(time_t now)
{
  /* XXX decide what to do here; see or-talk thread "purging old router
   * information, revocation." -NM
   * We can't afford to mess with this in 0.1.2.x. The reason is that
   * if we stop doing reachability tests on some of routerlist, then
   * we'll for-sure think they're down, which may have unexpected
   * effects in other parts of the code. It doesn't hurt much to do
   * the testing, and directory authorities are easy to upgrade. Let's
   * wait til 0.2.0. -RD */
//  time_t cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  static char ctr = 0;
  int bridge_auth = authdir_mode_bridge(get_options());

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, router) {
    const char *id_digest = router->cache_info.identity_digest;
    if (router_is_me(router))
      continue;
    if (bridge_auth && router->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
      continue; /* bridge authorities only test reachability on bridges */
//    if (router->cache_info.published_on > cutoff)
//      continue;
    if ((((uint8_t)id_digest[0]) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST) == ctr) {
      dirserv_single_reachability_test(now, router);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(router);
  ctr = (ctr + 1) % REACHABILITY_MODULO_PER_TEST; /* increment ctr */
}

/** Given a fingerprint <b>fp</b> which is either set if we're looking for a
 * v2 status, or zeroes if we're looking for a v3 status, or a NUL-padded
 * flavor name if we want a flavored v3 status, return a pointer to the
 * appropriate cached dir object, or NULL if there isn't one available. */
static cached_dir_t *
lookup_cached_dir_by_fp(const char *fp)
{
  cached_dir_t *d = NULL;
  if (tor_digest_is_zero(fp) && cached_consensuses)
    d = strmap_get(cached_consensuses, "ns");
  else if (memchr(fp, '\0', DIGEST_LEN) && cached_consensuses &&
           (d = strmap_get(cached_consensuses, fp))) {
    /* this here interface is a nasty hack XXXX023 */;
  } else if (router_digest_is_me(fp) && the_v2_networkstatus)
    d = the_v2_networkstatus;
  else if (cached_v2_networkstatus)
    d = digestmap_get(cached_v2_networkstatus, fp);
  return d;
}

/** Remove from <b>fps</b> every networkstatus key where both
 * a) we have a networkstatus document and
 * b) it is not newer than <b>cutoff</b>.
 *
 * Return 1 if any items were present at all; else return 0.
 */
int
dirserv_remove_old_statuses(smartlist_t *fps, time_t cutoff)
{
  int found_any = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, char *, digest,
  {
    cached_dir_t *d = lookup_cached_dir_by_fp(digest);
    if (!d)
      continue;
    found_any = 1;
    if (d->published <= cutoff) {
      tor_free(digest);
      SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(fps, digest);
    }
  });

  return found_any;
}

/** Return the cache-info for identity fingerprint <b>fp</b>, or
 * its extra-info document if <b>extrainfo</b> is true. Return
 * NULL if not found or if the descriptor is older than
 * <b>publish_cutoff</b>. */
static signed_descriptor_t *
get_signed_descriptor_by_fp(const char *fp, int extrainfo,
                            time_t publish_cutoff)
{
  if (router_digest_is_me(fp)) {
    if (extrainfo)
      return &(router_get_my_extrainfo()->cache_info);
    else
      return &(router_get_my_routerinfo()->cache_info);
  } else {
    routerinfo_t *ri = router_get_by_digest(fp);
    if (ri &&
        ri->cache_info.published_on > publish_cutoff) {
      if (extrainfo)
        return extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest(
                                     ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
      else
        return &ri->cache_info;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

/** Return true iff we have any of the documents (extrainfo or routerdesc)
 * specified by the fingerprints in <b>fps</b> and <b>spool_src</b>.  Used to
 * decide whether to send a 404.  */
int
dirserv_have_any_serverdesc(smartlist_t *fps, int spool_src)
{
  time_t publish_cutoff = time(NULL)-ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, const char *, fp, {
      switch (spool_src)
      {
        case DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_DIGEST:
          if (extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest(fp)) return 1;
          break;
        case DIR_SPOOL_SERVER_BY_DIGEST:
          if (router_get_by_descriptor_digest(fp)) return 1;
          break;
        case DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_FP:
        case DIR_SPOOL_SERVER_BY_FP:
          if (get_signed_descriptor_by_fp(fp,
                spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_FP, publish_cutoff))
            return 1;
          break;
      }
  });
  return 0;
}

/** Return true iff any of the 256-bit elements in <b>fps</b> is the digest of
 * a microdescriptor we have. */
int
dirserv_have_any_microdesc(const smartlist_t *fps)
{
  microdesc_cache_t *cache = get_microdesc_cache();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, const char *, fp,
                    if (microdesc_cache_lookup_by_digest256(cache, fp))
                      return 1);
  return 0;
}

/** Return an approximate estimate of the number of bytes that will
 * be needed to transmit the server descriptors (if is_serverdescs --
 * they can be either d/ or fp/ queries) or networkstatus objects (if
 * !is_serverdescs) listed in <b>fps</b>.  If <b>compressed</b> is set,
 * we guess how large the data will be after compression.
 *
 * The return value is an estimate; it might be larger or smaller.
 **/
size_t
dirserv_estimate_data_size(smartlist_t *fps, int is_serverdescs,
                           int compressed)
{
  size_t result;
  tor_assert(fps);
  if (is_serverdescs) {
    int n = smartlist_len(fps);
    routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    result = (me?me->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len:2048) * n;
    if (compressed)
      result /= 2; /* observed compressibility is between 35 and 55%. */
  } else {
    result = 0;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, const char *, digest, {
        cached_dir_t *dir = lookup_cached_dir_by_fp(digest);
        if (dir)
          result += compressed ? dir->dir_z_len : dir->dir_len;
      });
  }
  return result;
}

/** Given a list of microdescriptor hashes, guess how many bytes will be
 * needed to transmit them, and return the guess. */
size_t
dirserv_estimate_microdesc_size(const smartlist_t *fps, int compressed)
{
  size_t result = smartlist_len(fps) * microdesc_average_size(NULL);
  if (compressed)
    result /= 2;
  return result;
}

/** When we're spooling data onto our outbuf, add more whenever we dip
 * below this threshold. */
#define DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN 16384

/** Spooling helper: called when we have no more data to spool to <b>conn</b>.
 * Flushes any remaining data to be (un)compressed, and changes the spool
 * source to NONE.  Returns 0 on success, negative on failure. */
static int
connection_dirserv_finish_spooling(dir_connection_t *conn)
{
  if (conn->zlib_state) {
    connection_write_to_buf_zlib("", 0, conn, 1);
    tor_zlib_free(conn->zlib_state);
    conn->zlib_state = NULL;
  }
  conn->dir_spool_src = DIR_SPOOL_NONE;
  return 0;
}

/** Spooling helper: called when we're sending a bunch of server descriptors,
 * and the outbuf has become too empty. Pulls some entries from
 * fingerprint_stack, and writes the corresponding servers onto outbuf.  If we
 * run out of entries, flushes the zlib state and sets the spool source to
 * NONE.  Returns 0 on success, negative on failure.
 */
static int
connection_dirserv_add_servers_to_outbuf(dir_connection_t *conn)
{
#ifdef TRACK_SERVED_TIME
  time_t now = time(NULL);
#endif
  int by_fp = (conn->dir_spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_SERVER_BY_FP ||
               conn->dir_spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_FP);
  int extra = (conn->dir_spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_FP ||
               conn->dir_spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_DIGEST);
  time_t publish_cutoff = time(NULL)-ROUTER_MAX_AGE_TO_PUBLISH;

  while (smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack) &&
         buf_datalen(conn->_base.outbuf) < DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN) {
    const char *body;
    char *fp = smartlist_pop_last(conn->fingerprint_stack);
    signed_descriptor_t *sd = NULL;
    if (by_fp) {
      sd = get_signed_descriptor_by_fp(fp, extra, publish_cutoff);
    } else {
      sd = extra ? extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest(fp)
        : router_get_by_descriptor_digest(fp);
    }
    tor_free(fp);
    if (!sd)
      continue;
    if (!connection_dir_is_encrypted(conn) && !sd->send_unencrypted) {
      /* we did this check once before (so we could have an accurate size
       * estimate and maybe send a 404 if somebody asked for only bridges on a
       * connection), but we need to do it again in case a previously
       * unknown bridge descriptor has shown up between then and now. */
      continue;
    }
#ifdef TRACK_SERVED_TIME
    sd->last_served_at = now;
#endif
    body = signed_descriptor_get_body(sd);
    if (conn->zlib_state) {
      /* XXXX022 This 'last' business should actually happen on the last
       * routerinfo, not on the last fingerprint. */
      int last = ! smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack);
      connection_write_to_buf_zlib(body, sd->signed_descriptor_len, conn,
                                   last);
      if (last) {
        tor_zlib_free(conn->zlib_state);
        conn->zlib_state = NULL;
      }
    } else {
      connection_write_to_buf(body,
                              sd->signed_descriptor_len,
                              TO_CONN(conn));
    }
  }

  if (!smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack)) {
    /* We just wrote the last one; finish up. */
    conn->dir_spool_src = DIR_SPOOL_NONE;
    smartlist_free(conn->fingerprint_stack);
    conn->fingerprint_stack = NULL;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Spooling helper: called when we're sending a bunch of microdescriptors,
 * and the outbuf has become too empty. Pulls some entries from
 * fingerprint_stack, and writes the corresponding microdescs onto outbuf.  If
 * we run out of entries, flushes the zlib state and sets the spool source to
 * NONE.  Returns 0 on success, negative on failure.
 */
static int
connection_dirserv_add_microdescs_to_outbuf(dir_connection_t *conn)
{
  microdesc_cache_t *cache = get_microdesc_cache();
  while (smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack) &&
         buf_datalen(conn->_base.outbuf) < DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN) {
    char *fp256 = smartlist_pop_last(conn->fingerprint_stack);
    microdesc_t *md = microdesc_cache_lookup_by_digest256(cache, fp256);
    tor_free(fp256);
    if (!md)
      continue;
    if (conn->zlib_state) {
      /* XXXX022 This 'last' business should actually happen on the last
       * routerinfo, not on the last fingerprint. */
      int last = !smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack);
      connection_write_to_buf_zlib(md->body, md->bodylen, conn, last);
      if (last) {
        tor_zlib_free(conn->zlib_state);
        conn->zlib_state = NULL;
      }
    } else {
      connection_write_to_buf(md->body, md->bodylen, TO_CONN(conn));
    }
  }
  if (!smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack)) {
    conn->dir_spool_src = DIR_SPOOL_NONE;
    smartlist_free(conn->fingerprint_stack);
    conn->fingerprint_stack = NULL;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Spooling helper: Called when we're sending a directory or networkstatus,
 * and the outbuf has become too empty.  Pulls some bytes from
 * <b>conn</b>-\>cached_dir-\>dir_z, uncompresses them if appropriate, and
 * puts them on the outbuf.  If we run out of entries, flushes the zlib state
 * and sets the spool source to NONE.  Returns 0 on success, negative on
 * failure. */
static int
connection_dirserv_add_dir_bytes_to_outbuf(dir_connection_t *conn)
{
  ssize_t bytes;
  int64_t remaining;

  bytes = DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN - buf_datalen(conn->_base.outbuf);
  tor_assert(bytes > 0);
  tor_assert(conn->cached_dir);
  if (bytes < 8192)
    bytes = 8192;
  remaining = conn->cached_dir->dir_z_len - conn->cached_dir_offset;
  if (bytes > remaining)
    bytes = (ssize_t) remaining;

  if (conn->zlib_state) {
    connection_write_to_buf_zlib(
                             conn->cached_dir->dir_z + conn->cached_dir_offset,
                             bytes, conn, bytes == remaining);
  } else {
    connection_write_to_buf(conn->cached_dir->dir_z + conn->cached_dir_offset,
                            bytes, TO_CONN(conn));
  }
  conn->cached_dir_offset += bytes;
  if (conn->cached_dir_offset == (int)conn->cached_dir->dir_z_len) {
    /* We just wrote the last one; finish up. */
    connection_dirserv_finish_spooling(conn);
    cached_dir_decref(conn->cached_dir);
    conn->cached_dir = NULL;
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Spooling helper: Called when we're spooling networkstatus objects on
 * <b>conn</b>, and the outbuf has become too empty.  If the current
 * networkstatus object (in <b>conn</b>-\>cached_dir) has more data, pull data
 * from there.  Otherwise, pop the next fingerprint from fingerprint_stack,
 * and start spooling the next networkstatus.  (A digest of all 0 bytes is
 * treated as a request for the current consensus.) If we run out of entries,
 * flushes the zlib state and sets the spool source to NONE.  Returns 0 on
 * success, negative on failure. */
static int
connection_dirserv_add_networkstatus_bytes_to_outbuf(dir_connection_t *conn)
{

  while (buf_datalen(conn->_base.outbuf) < DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN) {
    if (conn->cached_dir) {
      int uncompressing = (conn->zlib_state != NULL);
      int r = connection_dirserv_add_dir_bytes_to_outbuf(conn);
      if (conn->dir_spool_src == DIR_SPOOL_NONE) {
        /* add_dir_bytes thinks we're done with the cached_dir.  But we
         * may have more cached_dirs! */
        conn->dir_spool_src = DIR_SPOOL_NETWORKSTATUS;
        /* This bit is tricky.  If we were uncompressing the last
         * networkstatus, we may need to make a new zlib object to
         * uncompress the next one. */
        if (uncompressing && ! conn->zlib_state &&
            conn->fingerprint_stack &&
            smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack)) {
          conn->zlib_state = tor_zlib_new(0, ZLIB_METHOD);
        }
      }
      if (r) return r;
    } else if (conn->fingerprint_stack &&
               smartlist_len(conn->fingerprint_stack)) {
      /* Add another networkstatus; start serving it. */
      char *fp = smartlist_pop_last(conn->fingerprint_stack);
      cached_dir_t *d = lookup_cached_dir_by_fp(fp);
      tor_free(fp);
      if (d) {
        ++d->refcnt;
        conn->cached_dir = d;
        conn->cached_dir_offset = 0;
      }
    } else {
      connection_dirserv_finish_spooling(conn);
      smartlist_free(conn->fingerprint_stack);
      conn->fingerprint_stack = NULL;
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Called whenever we have flushed some directory data in state
 * SERVER_WRITING. */
int
connection_dirserv_flushed_some(dir_connection_t *conn)
{
  tor_assert(conn->_base.state == DIR_CONN_STATE_SERVER_WRITING);

  if (buf_datalen(conn->_base.outbuf) >= DIRSERV_BUFFER_MIN)
    return 0;

  switch (conn->dir_spool_src) {
    case DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_DIGEST:
    case DIR_SPOOL_EXTRA_BY_FP:
    case DIR_SPOOL_SERVER_BY_DIGEST:
    case DIR_SPOOL_SERVER_BY_FP:
      return connection_dirserv_add_servers_to_outbuf(conn);
    case DIR_SPOOL_MICRODESC:
      return connection_dirserv_add_microdescs_to_outbuf(conn);
    case DIR_SPOOL_CACHED_DIR:
      return connection_dirserv_add_dir_bytes_to_outbuf(conn);
    case DIR_SPOOL_NETWORKSTATUS:
      return connection_dirserv_add_networkstatus_bytes_to_outbuf(conn);
    case DIR_SPOOL_NONE:
    default:
      return 0;
  }
}

/** Release all storage used by the directory server. */
void
dirserv_free_all(void)
{
  dirserv_free_fingerprint_list();

  cached_dir_decref(the_directory);
  clear_cached_dir(&the_runningrouters);
  cached_dir_decref(the_v2_networkstatus);
  cached_dir_decref(cached_directory);
  clear_cached_dir(&cached_runningrouters);

  digestmap_free(cached_v2_networkstatus, _free_cached_dir);
  cached_v2_networkstatus = NULL;
  strmap_free(cached_consensuses, _free_cached_dir);
  cached_consensuses = NULL;
}