tor/src/or/routerlist.c

/* Copyright (c) 2001 Matej Pfajfar.
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004, Roger Dingledine.
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson.
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2013, The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */

/**
 * \file routerlist.c
 * \brief Code to
 * maintain and access the global list of routerinfos for known
 * servers.
 **/

#define ROUTERLIST_PRIVATE
#include "or.h"
#include "circuitstats.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "connection.h"
#include "control.h"
#include "directory.h"
#include "dirserv.h"
#include "dirvote.h"
#include "entrynodes.h"
#include "geoip.h"
#include "hibernate.h"
#include "main.h"
#include "microdesc.h"
#include "networkstatus.h"
#include "nodelist.h"
#include "policies.h"
#include "reasons.h"
#include "rendcommon.h"
#include "rendservice.h"
#include "rephist.h"
#include "router.h"
#include "routerlist.h"
#include "routerparse.h"
#include "routerset.h"

// #define DEBUG_ROUTERLIST

/****************************************************************************/

/* static function prototypes */
static int compute_weighted_bandwidths(const smartlist_t *sl,
                                       bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule,
                                       u64_dbl_t **bandwidths_out);
static const routerstatus_t *router_pick_directory_server_impl(
                                           dirinfo_type_t auth, int flags);
static const routerstatus_t *router_pick_trusteddirserver_impl(
                const smartlist_t *sourcelist, dirinfo_type_t auth,
                int flags, int *n_busy_out);
static const routerstatus_t *router_pick_dirserver_generic(
                              smartlist_t *sourcelist,
                              dirinfo_type_t type, int flags);
static void mark_all_dirservers_up(smartlist_t *server_list);
static int router_nickname_matches(const routerinfo_t *router,
                                   const char *nickname);
static void dir_server_free(dir_server_t *ds);
static int signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(signed_descriptor_t *desc);
static const char *signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(
                                              const signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                                              int with_annotations);
static void list_pending_downloads(digestmap_t *result,
                                   int purpose, const char *prefix);
static void launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(time_t now,
                                   const or_options_t *options);

DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(sdmap_, digest_sd_map_t, signed_descriptor_t)
DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(rimap_, digest_ri_map_t, routerinfo_t)
DECLARE_TYPED_DIGESTMAP_FNS(eimap_, digest_ei_map_t, extrainfo_t)
#define SDMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar)                              \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(sdmap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, signed_descriptor_t *, \
                    valvar)
#define RIMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar) \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(rimap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, routerinfo_t *, valvar)
#define EIMAP_FOREACH(map, keyvar, valvar) \
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(eimap_to_digestmap(map), keyvar, extrainfo_t *, valvar)

/****************************************************************************/

/** Global list of a dir_server_t object for each directory
 * authority. */
static smartlist_t *trusted_dir_servers = NULL;
/** Global list of dir_server_t objects for all directory authorities
 * and all fallback directory servers. */
static smartlist_t *fallback_dir_servers = NULL;

/** List of for a given authority, and download status for latest certificate.
 */
typedef struct cert_list_t {
  download_status_t dl_status;
  smartlist_t *certs;
} cert_list_t;
/** Map from v3 identity key digest to cert_list_t. */
static digestmap_t *trusted_dir_certs = NULL;
/** True iff any key certificate in at least one member of
 * <b>trusted_dir_certs</b> has changed since we last flushed the
 * certificates to disk. */
static int trusted_dir_servers_certs_changed = 0;

/** Global list of all of the routers that we know about. */
static routerlist_t *routerlist = NULL;

/** List of strings for nicknames we've already warned about and that are
 * still unknown / unavailable. */
static smartlist_t *warned_nicknames = NULL;

/** The last time we tried to download any routerdesc, or 0 for "never".  We
 * use this to rate-limit download attempts when the number of routerdescs to
 * download is low. */
static time_t last_descriptor_download_attempted = 0;

/** When we last computed the weights to use for bandwidths on directory
 * requests, what were the total weighted bandwidth, and our share of that
 * bandwidth?  Used to determine what fraction of directory requests we should
 * expect to see.
 *
 * @{ */
static uint64_t sl_last_total_weighted_bw = 0,
  sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me = 0;
/**@}*/

/** Return the number of directory authorities whose type matches some bit set
 * in <b>type</b>  */
int
get_n_authorities(dirinfo_type_t type)
{
  int n = 0;
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ds,
                    if (ds->type & type)
                      ++n);
  return n;
}

#define get_n_v2_authorities() get_n_authorities(V2_DIRINFO)

/** Helper: Return the cert_list_t for an authority whose authority ID is
 * <b>id_digest</b>, allocating a new list if necessary. */
static cert_list_t *
get_cert_list(const char *id_digest)
{
  cert_list_t *cl;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs)
    trusted_dir_certs = digestmap_new();
  cl = digestmap_get(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest);
  if (!cl) {
    cl = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(cert_list_t));
    cl->dl_status.schedule = DL_SCHED_CONSENSUS;
    cl->certs = smartlist_new();
    digestmap_set(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest, cl);
  }
  return cl;
}

/** Reload the cached v3 key certificates from the cached-certs file in
 * the data directory. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure. */
int
trusted_dirs_reload_certs(void)
{
  char *filename;
  char *contents;
  int r;

  filename = get_datadir_fname("cached-certs");
  contents = read_file_to_str(filename, RFTS_IGNORE_MISSING, NULL);
  tor_free(filename);
  if (!contents)
    return 0;
  r = trusted_dirs_load_certs_from_string(contents, 1, 1);
  tor_free(contents);
  return r;
}

/** Helper: return true iff we already have loaded the exact cert
 * <b>cert</b>. */
static INLINE int
already_have_cert(authority_cert_t *cert)
{
  cert_list_t *cl = get_cert_list(cert->cache_info.identity_digest);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, c,
  {
    if (tor_memeq(c->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                cert->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                DIGEST_LEN))
      return 1;
  });
  return 0;
}

/** Load a bunch of new key certificates from the string <b>contents</b>.  If
 * <b>from_store</b> is true, the certificates are from the cache, and we
 * don't need to flush them to disk. If <b>flush</b> is true, we need
 * to flush any changed certificates to disk now.  Return 0 on success, -1
 * if any certs fail to parse. */
int
trusted_dirs_load_certs_from_string(const char *contents, int from_store,
                                    int flush)
{
  dir_server_t *ds;
  const char *s, *eos;
  int failure_code = 0;

  for (s = contents; *s; s = eos) {
    authority_cert_t *cert = authority_cert_parse_from_string(s, &eos);
    cert_list_t *cl;
    if (!cert) {
      failure_code = -1;
      break;
    }
    ds = trusteddirserver_get_by_v3_auth_digest(
                                       cert->cache_info.identity_digest);
    log_debug(LD_DIR, "Parsed certificate for %s",
              ds ? ds->nickname : "unknown authority");

    if (already_have_cert(cert)) {
      /* we already have this one. continue. */
      log_info(LD_DIR, "Skipping %s certificate for %s that we "
               "already have.",
               from_store ? "cached" : "downloaded",
               ds ? ds->nickname : "an old or new authority");

      /* a duplicate on a download should be treated as a failure, since it
       * probably means we wanted a different secret key or we are trying to
       * replace an expired cert that has not in fact been updated. */
      if (!from_store) {
        if (authdir_mode(get_options())) {
          log_warn(LD_DIR,
                   "Got a certificate for %s, but we already have it. "
                   "Maybe they haven't updated it. Waiting for a while.",
                   ds ? ds->nickname : "an old or new authority");
        } else {
          log_info(LD_DIR,
                   "Got a certificate for %s, but we already have it. "
                   "Maybe they haven't updated it. Waiting for a while.",
                   ds ? ds->nickname : "an old or new authority");
        }

        authority_cert_dl_failed(cert->cache_info.identity_digest, 404);
      }

      authority_cert_free(cert);
      continue;
    }

    if (ds) {
      log_info(LD_DIR, "Adding %s certificate for directory authority %s with "
               "signing key %s", from_store ? "cached" : "downloaded",
               ds->nickname, hex_str(cert->signing_key_digest,DIGEST_LEN));
    } else {
      int adding = directory_caches_unknown_auth_certs(get_options());
      log_info(LD_DIR, "%s %s certificate for unrecognized directory "
               "authority with signing key %s",
               adding ? "Adding" : "Not adding",
               from_store ? "cached" : "downloaded",
               hex_str(cert->signing_key_digest,DIGEST_LEN));
      if (!adding) {
        authority_cert_free(cert);
        continue;
      }
    }

    cl = get_cert_list(cert->cache_info.identity_digest);
    smartlist_add(cl->certs, cert);
    if (ds && cert->cache_info.published_on > ds->addr_current_at) {
      /* Check to see whether we should update our view of the authority's
       * address. */
      if (cert->addr && cert->dir_port &&
          (ds->addr != cert->addr ||
           ds->dir_port != cert->dir_port)) {
        char *a = tor_dup_ip(cert->addr);
        log_notice(LD_DIR, "Updating address for directory authority %s "
                   "from %s:%d to %s:%d based on certificate.",
                   ds->nickname, ds->address, (int)ds->dir_port,
                   a, cert->dir_port);
        tor_free(a);
        ds->addr = cert->addr;
        ds->dir_port = cert->dir_port;
      }
      ds->addr_current_at = cert->cache_info.published_on;
    }

    if (!from_store)
      trusted_dir_servers_certs_changed = 1;
  }

  if (flush)
    trusted_dirs_flush_certs_to_disk();

  /* call this even if failure_code is <0, since some certs might have
   * succeeded. */
  networkstatus_note_certs_arrived();

  return failure_code;
}

/** Save all v3 key certificates to the cached-certs file. */
void
trusted_dirs_flush_certs_to_disk(void)
{
  char *filename;
  smartlist_t *chunks;

  if (!trusted_dir_servers_certs_changed || !trusted_dir_certs)
    return;

  chunks = smartlist_new();
  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(trusted_dir_certs, key, cert_list_t *, cl) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
          {
            sized_chunk_t *c = tor_malloc(sizeof(sized_chunk_t));
            c->bytes = cert->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body;
            c->len = cert->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
            smartlist_add(chunks, c);
          });
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;

  filename = get_datadir_fname("cached-certs");
  if (write_chunks_to_file(filename, chunks, 0)) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Error writing certificates to disk.");
  }
  tor_free(filename);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(chunks, sized_chunk_t *, c, tor_free(c));
  smartlist_free(chunks);

  trusted_dir_servers_certs_changed = 0;
}

/** Remove all v3 authority certificates that have been superseded for more
 * than 48 hours.  (If the most recent cert was published more than 48 hours
 * ago, then we aren't going to get any consensuses signed with older
 * keys.) */
static void
trusted_dirs_remove_old_certs(void)
{
  time_t now = time(NULL);
#define DEAD_CERT_LIFETIME (2*24*60*60)
#define OLD_CERT_LIFETIME (7*24*60*60)
  if (!trusted_dir_certs)
    return;

  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(trusted_dir_certs, key, cert_list_t *, cl) {
    authority_cert_t *newest = NULL;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
          if (!newest || (cert->cache_info.published_on >
                          newest->cache_info.published_on))
            newest = cert);
    if (newest) {
      const time_t newest_published = newest->cache_info.published_on;
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert) {
        int expired;
        time_t cert_published;
        if (newest == cert)
          continue;
        expired = now > cert->expires;
        cert_published = cert->cache_info.published_on;
        /* Store expired certs for 48 hours after a newer arrives;
         */
        if (expired ?
            (newest_published + DEAD_CERT_LIFETIME < now) :
            (cert_published + OLD_CERT_LIFETIME < newest_published)) {
          SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(cl->certs, cert);
          authority_cert_free(cert);
          trusted_dir_servers_certs_changed = 1;
        }
      } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(cert);
    }
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
#undef OLD_CERT_LIFETIME

  trusted_dirs_flush_certs_to_disk();
}

/** Return the newest v3 authority certificate whose v3 authority identity key
 * has digest <b>id_digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such authority is known,
 * or it has no certificate. */
authority_cert_t *
authority_cert_get_newest_by_id(const char *id_digest)
{
  cert_list_t *cl;
  authority_cert_t *best = NULL;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs ||
      !(cl = digestmap_get(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest)))
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
  {
    if (!best || cert->cache_info.published_on > best->cache_info.published_on)
      best = cert;
  });
  return best;
}

/** Return the newest v3 authority certificate whose directory signing key has
 * digest <b>sk_digest</b>. Return NULL if no such certificate is known.
 */
authority_cert_t *
authority_cert_get_by_sk_digest(const char *sk_digest)
{
  authority_cert_t *c;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs)
    return NULL;

  if ((c = get_my_v3_authority_cert()) &&
      tor_memeq(c->signing_key_digest, sk_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
    return c;
  if ((c = get_my_v3_legacy_cert()) &&
      tor_memeq(c->signing_key_digest, sk_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
    return c;

  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(trusted_dir_certs, key, cert_list_t *, cl) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
    {
      if (tor_memeq(cert->signing_key_digest, sk_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
        return cert;
    });
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  return NULL;
}

/** Return the v3 authority certificate with signing key matching
 * <b>sk_digest</b>, for the authority with identity digest <b>id_digest</b>.
 * Return NULL if no such authority is known. */
authority_cert_t *
authority_cert_get_by_digests(const char *id_digest,
                              const char *sk_digest)
{
  cert_list_t *cl;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs ||
      !(cl = digestmap_get(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest)))
    return NULL;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
    if (tor_memeq(cert->signing_key_digest, sk_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
      return cert; );

  return NULL;
}

/** Add every known authority_cert_t to <b>certs_out</b>. */
void
authority_cert_get_all(smartlist_t *certs_out)
{
  tor_assert(certs_out);
  if (!trusted_dir_certs)
    return;

  DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(trusted_dir_certs, key, cert_list_t *, cl) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, c,
                      smartlist_add(certs_out, c));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
}

/** Called when an attempt to download a certificate with the authority with
 * ID <b>id_digest</b> fails with HTTP response code <b>status</b>: remember
 * the failure, so we don't try again immediately. */
void
authority_cert_dl_failed(const char *id_digest, int status)
{
  cert_list_t *cl;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs ||
      !(cl = digestmap_get(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest)))
    return;

  download_status_failed(&cl->dl_status, status);
}

/** Return true iff when we've been getting enough failures when trying to
 * download the certificate with ID digest <b>id_digest</b> that we're willing
 * to start bugging the user about it. */
int
authority_cert_dl_looks_uncertain(const char *id_digest)
{
#define N_AUTH_CERT_DL_FAILURES_TO_BUG_USER 2
  cert_list_t *cl;
  int n_failures;
  if (!trusted_dir_certs ||
      !(cl = digestmap_get(trusted_dir_certs, id_digest)))
    return 0;

  n_failures = download_status_get_n_failures(&cl->dl_status);
  return n_failures >= N_AUTH_CERT_DL_FAILURES_TO_BUG_USER;
}

/** How many times will we try to fetch a certificate before giving up? */
#define MAX_CERT_DL_FAILURES 8

/** Try to download any v3 authority certificates that we may be missing.  If
 * <b>status</b> is provided, try to get all the ones that were used to sign
 * <b>status</b>.  Additionally, try to have a non-expired certificate for
 * every V3 authority in trusted_dir_servers.  Don't fetch certificates we
 * already have.
 **/
void
authority_certs_fetch_missing(networkstatus_t *status, time_t now)
{
  digestmap_t *pending;
  authority_cert_t *cert;
  smartlist_t *missing_digests;
  char *resource = NULL;
  cert_list_t *cl;
  const int cache = directory_caches_unknown_auth_certs(get_options());

  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(get_options()))
    return;

  pending = digestmap_new();
  missing_digests = smartlist_new();

  list_pending_downloads(pending, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_CERTIFICATE, "fp/");
  if (status) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(status->voters, networkstatus_voter_info_t *,
                            voter) {
      if (!smartlist_len(voter->sigs))
        continue; /* This authority never signed this consensus, so don't
                   * go looking for a cert with key digest 0000000000. */
      if (!cache &&
          !trusteddirserver_get_by_v3_auth_digest(voter->identity_digest))
        continue; /* We are not a cache, and we don't know this authority.*/
      cl = get_cert_list(voter->identity_digest);
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(voter->sigs, document_signature_t *, sig) {
        cert = authority_cert_get_by_digests(voter->identity_digest,
                                             sig->signing_key_digest);
        if (cert) {
          if (now < cert->expires)
            download_status_reset(&cl->dl_status);
          continue;
        }
        if (download_status_is_ready(&cl->dl_status, now,
                                     MAX_CERT_DL_FAILURES) &&
            !digestmap_get(pending, voter->identity_digest)) {
          log_info(LD_DIR, "We're missing a certificate from authority "
                   "with signing key %s: launching request.",
                   hex_str(sig->signing_key_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
          smartlist_add(missing_digests, sig->identity_digest);
        }
      } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sig);
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(voter);
  }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ds) {
    int found = 0;
    if (!(ds->type & V3_DIRINFO))
      continue;
    if (smartlist_contains_digest(missing_digests, ds->v3_identity_digest))
      continue;
    cl = get_cert_list(ds->v3_identity_digest);
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert, {
      if (now < cert->expires) {
        /* It's not expired, and we weren't looking for something to
         * verify a consensus with.  Call it done. */
        download_status_reset(&cl->dl_status);
        found = 1;
        break;
      }
    });
    if (!found &&
        download_status_is_ready(&cl->dl_status, now,MAX_CERT_DL_FAILURES) &&
        !digestmap_get(pending, ds->v3_identity_digest)) {
      log_info(LD_DIR, "No current certificate known for authority %s; "
               "launching request.", ds->nickname);
        smartlist_add(missing_digests, ds->v3_identity_digest);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ds);

  if (!smartlist_len(missing_digests)) {
    goto done;
  } else {
    smartlist_t *fps = smartlist_new();
    smartlist_add(fps, tor_strdup("fp/"));
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(missing_digests, const char *, d, {
        char *fp;
        if (digestmap_get(pending, d))
          continue;
        fp = tor_malloc(HEX_DIGEST_LEN+2);
        base16_encode(fp, HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1, d, DIGEST_LEN);
        fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] = '+';
        fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1] = '\0';
        smartlist_add(fps, fp);
      });
    if (smartlist_len(fps) == 1) {
      /* we didn't add any: they were all pending */
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
      smartlist_free(fps);
      goto done;
    }
    resource = smartlist_join_strings(fps, "", 0, NULL);
    resource[strlen(resource)-1] = '\0';
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fps, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
    smartlist_free(fps);
  }
  directory_get_from_dirserver(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_CERTIFICATE, 0,
                               resource, PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS);

 done:
  tor_free(resource);
  smartlist_free(missing_digests);
  digestmap_free(pending, NULL);
}

/* Router descriptor storage.
 *
 * Routerdescs are stored in a big file, named "cached-descriptors".  As new
 * routerdescs arrive, we append them to a journal file named
 * "cached-descriptors.new".
 *
 * From time to time, we replace "cached-descriptors" with a new file
 * containing only the live, non-superseded descriptors, and clear
 * cached-routers.new.
 *
 * On startup, we read both files.
 */

/** Helper: return 1 iff the router log is so big we want to rebuild the
 * store. */
static int
router_should_rebuild_store(desc_store_t *store)
{
  if (store->store_len > (1<<16))
    return (store->journal_len > store->store_len / 2 ||
            store->bytes_dropped > store->store_len / 2);
  else
    return store->journal_len > (1<<15);
}

/** Return the desc_store_t in <b>rl</b> that should be used to store
 * <b>sd</b>. */
static INLINE desc_store_t *
desc_get_store(routerlist_t *rl, const signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  if (sd->is_extrainfo)
    return &rl->extrainfo_store;
  else
    return &rl->desc_store;
}

/** Add the signed_descriptor_t in <b>desc</b> to the router
 * journal; change its saved_location to SAVED_IN_JOURNAL and set its
 * offset appropriately. */
static int
signed_desc_append_to_journal(signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                              desc_store_t *store)
{
  char *fname = get_datadir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  const char *body = signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc,1);
  size_t len = desc->signed_descriptor_len + desc->annotations_len;

  if (append_bytes_to_file(fname, body, len, 1)) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Unable to store router descriptor");
    tor_free(fname);
    return -1;
  }
  desc->saved_location = SAVED_IN_JOURNAL;
  tor_free(fname);

  desc->saved_offset = store->journal_len;
  store->journal_len += len;

  return 0;
}

/** Sorting helper: return &lt;0, 0, or &gt;0 depending on whether the
 * signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>a</b> is older, the same age as, or newer than
 * the signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>b</b>. */
static int
compare_signed_descriptors_by_age_(const void **_a, const void **_b)
{
  const signed_descriptor_t *r1 = *_a, *r2 = *_b;
  return (int)(r1->published_on - r2->published_on);
}

#define RRS_FORCE 1
#define RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD 2

/** If the journal of <b>store</b> is too long, or if RRS_FORCE is set in
 * <b>flags</b>, then atomically replace the saved router store with the
 * routers currently in our routerlist, and clear the journal.  Unless
 * RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD is set in <b>flags</b>, delete expired routers before
 * rebuilding the store.  Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int
router_rebuild_store(int flags, desc_store_t *store)
{
  smartlist_t *chunk_list = NULL;
  char *fname = NULL, *fname_tmp = NULL;
  int r = -1;
  off_t offset = 0;
  smartlist_t *signed_descriptors = NULL;
  int nocache=0;
  size_t total_expected_len = 0;
  int had_any;
  int force = flags & RRS_FORCE;

  if (!force && !router_should_rebuild_store(store)) {
    r = 0;
    goto done;
  }
  if (!routerlist) {
    r = 0;
    goto done;
  }

  if (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE)
    had_any = !eimap_isempty(routerlist->extra_info_map);
  else
    had_any = (smartlist_len(routerlist->routers)+
               smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers))>0;

  /* Don't save deadweight. */
  if (!(flags & RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD))
    routerlist_remove_old_routers();

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Rebuilding %s cache", store->description);

  fname = get_datadir_fname(store->fname_base);
  fname_tmp = get_datadir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".tmp");

  chunk_list = smartlist_new();

  /* We sort the routers by age to enhance locality on disk. */
  signed_descriptors = smartlist_new();
  if (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE) {
    eimap_iter_t *iter;
    for (iter = eimap_iter_init(routerlist->extra_info_map);
         !eimap_iter_done(iter);
         iter = eimap_iter_next(routerlist->extra_info_map, iter)) {
      const char *key;
      extrainfo_t *ei;
      eimap_iter_get(iter, &key, &ei);
      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, &ei->cache_info);
    }
  } else {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, sd));
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri,
                      smartlist_add(signed_descriptors, &ri->cache_info));
  }

  smartlist_sort(signed_descriptors, compare_signed_descriptors_by_age_);

  /* Now, add the appropriate members to chunk_list */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(signed_descriptors, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
      sized_chunk_t *c;
      const char *body = signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(sd, 1);
      if (!body) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "No descriptor available for router.");
        goto done;
      }
      if (sd->do_not_cache) {
        ++nocache;
        continue;
      }
      c = tor_malloc(sizeof(sized_chunk_t));
      c->bytes = body;
      c->len = sd->signed_descriptor_len + sd->annotations_len;
      total_expected_len += c->len;
      smartlist_add(chunk_list, c);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  if (write_chunks_to_file(fname_tmp, chunk_list, 1)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Error writing router store to disk.");
    goto done;
  }

  /* Our mmap is now invalid. */
  if (store->mmap) {
    tor_munmap_file(store->mmap);
    store->mmap = NULL;
  }

  if (replace_file(fname_tmp, fname)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_FS, "Error replacing old router store: %s", strerror(errno));
    goto done;
  }

  errno = 0;
  store->mmap = tor_mmap_file(fname);
  if (! store->mmap) {
    if (errno == ERANGE) {
      /* empty store.*/
      if (total_expected_len) {
        log_warn(LD_FS, "We wrote some bytes to a new descriptor file at '%s',"
                 " but when we went to mmap it, it was empty!", fname);
      } else if (had_any) {
        log_info(LD_FS, "We just removed every descriptor in '%s'.  This is "
                 "okay if we're just starting up after a long time. "
                 "Otherwise, it's a bug.", fname);
      }
    } else {
      log_warn(LD_FS, "Unable to mmap new descriptor file at '%s'.",fname);
    }
  }

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Reconstructing pointers into cache");

  offset = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(signed_descriptors, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
      if (sd->do_not_cache)
        continue;
      sd->saved_location = SAVED_IN_CACHE;
      if (store->mmap) {
        tor_free(sd->signed_descriptor_body); // sets it to null
        sd->saved_offset = offset;
      }
      offset += sd->signed_descriptor_len + sd->annotations_len;
      signed_descriptor_get_body(sd); /* reconstruct and assert */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  tor_free(fname);
  fname = get_datadir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  write_str_to_file(fname, "", 1);

  r = 0;
  store->store_len = (size_t) offset;
  store->journal_len = 0;
  store->bytes_dropped = 0;
 done:
  smartlist_free(signed_descriptors);
  tor_free(fname);
  tor_free(fname_tmp);
  if (chunk_list) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(chunk_list, sized_chunk_t *, c, tor_free(c));
    smartlist_free(chunk_list);
  }

  return r;
}

/** Helper: Reload a cache file and its associated journal, setting metadata
 * appropriately.  If <b>extrainfo</b> is true, reload the extrainfo store;
 * else reload the router descriptor store. */
static int
router_reload_router_list_impl(desc_store_t *store)
{
  char *fname = NULL, *altname = NULL, *contents = NULL;
  struct stat st;
  int read_from_old_location = 0;
  int extrainfo = (store->type == EXTRAINFO_STORE);
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  store->journal_len = store->store_len = 0;

  fname = get_datadir_fname(store->fname_base);
  if (store->fname_alt_base)
    altname = get_datadir_fname(store->fname_alt_base);

  if (store->mmap) /* get rid of it first */
    tor_munmap_file(store->mmap);
  store->mmap = NULL;

  store->mmap = tor_mmap_file(fname);
  if (!store->mmap && altname && file_status(altname) == FN_FILE) {
    read_from_old_location = 1;
    log_notice(LD_DIR, "Couldn't read %s; trying to load routers from old "
               "location %s.", fname, altname);
    if ((store->mmap = tor_mmap_file(altname)))
      read_from_old_location = 1;
  }
  if (altname && !read_from_old_location) {
    remove_file_if_very_old(altname, now);
  }
  if (store->mmap) {
    store->store_len = store->mmap->size;
    if (extrainfo)
      router_load_extrainfo_from_string(store->mmap->data,
                                        store->mmap->data+store->mmap->size,
                                        SAVED_IN_CACHE, NULL, 0);
    else
      router_load_routers_from_string(store->mmap->data,
                                      store->mmap->data+store->mmap->size,
                                      SAVED_IN_CACHE, NULL, 0, NULL);
  }

  tor_free(fname);
  fname = get_datadir_fname_suffix(store->fname_base, ".new");
  if (file_status(fname) == FN_FILE)
    contents = read_file_to_str(fname, RFTS_BIN|RFTS_IGNORE_MISSING, &st);
  if (read_from_old_location) {
    tor_free(altname);
    altname = get_datadir_fname_suffix(store->fname_alt_base, ".new");
    if (!contents)
      contents = read_file_to_str(altname, RFTS_BIN|RFTS_IGNORE_MISSING, &st);
    else
      remove_file_if_very_old(altname, now);
  }
  if (contents) {
    if (extrainfo)
      router_load_extrainfo_from_string(contents, NULL,SAVED_IN_JOURNAL,
                                        NULL, 0);
    else
      router_load_routers_from_string(contents, NULL, SAVED_IN_JOURNAL,
                                      NULL, 0, NULL);
    store->journal_len = (size_t) st.st_size;
    tor_free(contents);
  }

  tor_free(fname);
  tor_free(altname);

  if (store->journal_len || read_from_old_location) {
    /* Always clear the journal on startup.*/
    router_rebuild_store(RRS_FORCE, store);
  } else if (!extrainfo) {
    /* Don't cache expired routers. (This is in an else because
     * router_rebuild_store() also calls remove_old_routers().) */
    routerlist_remove_old_routers();
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Load all cached router descriptors and extra-info documents from the
 * store. Return 0 on success and -1 on failure.
 */
int
router_reload_router_list(void)
{
  routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
  if (router_reload_router_list_impl(&rl->desc_store))
    return -1;
  if (router_reload_router_list_impl(&rl->extrainfo_store))
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** Return a smartlist containing a list of dir_server_t * for all
 * known trusted dirservers.  Callers must not modify the list or its
 * contents.
 */
const smartlist_t *
router_get_trusted_dir_servers(void)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    trusted_dir_servers = smartlist_new();

  return trusted_dir_servers;
}

const smartlist_t *
router_get_fallback_dir_servers(void)
{
  if (!fallback_dir_servers)
    fallback_dir_servers = smartlist_new();

  return fallback_dir_servers;
}

/** Try to find a running dirserver that supports operations of <b>type</b>.
 *
 * If there are no running dirservers in our routerlist and the
 * <b>PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS</b> flag is set, set all the authoritative ones
 * as running again, and pick one.
 *
 * If the <b>PDS_IGNORE_FASCISTFIREWALL</b> flag is set, then include
 * dirservers that we can't reach.
 *
 * If the <b>PDS_ALLOW_SELF</b> flag is not set, then don't include ourself
 * (if we're a dirserver).
 *
 * Don't pick an authority if any non-authority is viable; try to avoid using
 * servers that have returned 503 recently.
 */
const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_directory_server(dirinfo_type_t type, int flags)
{
  const routerstatus_t *choice;
  if (get_options()->PreferTunneledDirConns)
    flags |= PDS_PREFER_TUNNELED_DIR_CONNS_;

  if (!routerlist)
    return NULL;

  choice = router_pick_directory_server_impl(type, flags);
  if (choice || !(flags & PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS))
    return choice;

  log_info(LD_DIR,
           "No reachable router entries for dirservers. "
           "Trying them all again.");
  /* mark all authdirservers as up again */
  mark_all_dirservers_up(fallback_dir_servers);
  /* try again */
  choice = router_pick_directory_server_impl(type, flags);
  return choice;
}

/** Try to determine which fraction of v2 and v3 directory requests aimed at
 * caches will be sent to us. Set *<b>v2_share_out</b> and
 * *<b>v3_share_out</b> to the fractions of v2 and v3 protocol shares we
 * expect to see, respectively.  Return 0 on success, negative on failure. */
int
router_get_my_share_of_directory_requests(double *v2_share_out,
                                          double *v3_share_out)
{
  const routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
  const routerstatus_t *rs;
  const int pds_flags = PDS_ALLOW_SELF|PDS_IGNORE_FASCISTFIREWALL;
  *v2_share_out = *v3_share_out = 0.0;
  if (!me)
    return -1;
  rs = router_get_consensus_status_by_id(me->cache_info.identity_digest);
  if (!rs)
    return -1;

  /* Calling for side effect */
  /* XXXX This is a bit of a kludge */
  if (rs->is_v2_dir) {
    sl_last_total_weighted_bw = 0;
    router_pick_directory_server(V2_DIRINFO, pds_flags);
    if (sl_last_total_weighted_bw != 0) {
      *v2_share_out = U64_TO_DBL(sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me) /
        U64_TO_DBL(sl_last_total_weighted_bw);
    }
  }

  {
    sl_last_total_weighted_bw = 0;
    router_pick_directory_server(V3_DIRINFO, pds_flags);
    if (sl_last_total_weighted_bw != 0) {
      *v3_share_out = U64_TO_DBL(sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me) /
        U64_TO_DBL(sl_last_total_weighted_bw);
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Return the dir_server_t for the directory authority whose identity
 * key hashes to <b>digest</b>, or NULL if no such authority is known.
 */
dir_server_t *
router_get_trusteddirserver_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ds,
     {
       if (tor_memeq(ds->digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN))
         return ds;
     });

  return NULL;
}

/** Return the dir_server_t for the fallback dirserver whose identity
 * key hashes to <b>digest</b>, or NULL if no such authority is known.
 */
dir_server_t *
router_get_fallback_dirserver_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ds,
     {
       if (tor_memeq(ds->digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN))
         return ds;
     });

  return NULL;
}

/** Return the dir_server_t for the directory authority whose
 * v3 identity key hashes to <b>digest</b>, or NULL if no such authority
 * is known.
 */
dir_server_t *
trusteddirserver_get_by_v3_auth_digest(const char *digest)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ds,
     {
       if (tor_memeq(ds->v3_identity_digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN) &&
           (ds->type & V3_DIRINFO))
         return ds;
     });

  return NULL;
}

/** Try to find a running directory authority. Flags are as for
 * router_pick_directory_server.
 */
const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_trusteddirserver(dirinfo_type_t type, int flags)
{
  return router_pick_dirserver_generic(trusted_dir_servers, type, flags);
}

/** Try to find a running fallback directory Flags are as for
 * router_pick_directory_server.
 */
const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_fallback_dirserver(dirinfo_type_t type, int flags)
{
  return router_pick_dirserver_generic(fallback_dir_servers, type, flags);
}

/** Try to find a running fallback directory Flags are as for
 * router_pick_directory_server.
 */
static const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_dirserver_generic(smartlist_t *sourcelist,
                              dirinfo_type_t type, int flags)
{
  const routerstatus_t *choice;
  int busy = 0;
  if (get_options()->PreferTunneledDirConns)
    flags |= PDS_PREFER_TUNNELED_DIR_CONNS_;

  choice = router_pick_trusteddirserver_impl(sourcelist, type, flags, &busy);
  if (choice || !(flags & PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS))
    return choice;
  if (busy) {
    /* If the reason that we got no server is that servers are "busy",
     * we must be excluding good servers because we already have serverdesc
     * fetches with them.  Do not mark down servers up because of this. */
    tor_assert((flags & (PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH|
                         PDS_NO_EXISTING_MICRODESC_FETCH)));
    return NULL;
  }

  log_info(LD_DIR,
           "No dirservers are reachable. Trying them all again.");
  mark_all_dirservers_up(sourcelist);
  return router_pick_trusteddirserver_impl(sourcelist, type, flags, NULL);
}

/** How long do we avoid using a directory server after it's given us a 503? */
#define DIR_503_TIMEOUT (60*60)

/** Pick a random running valid directory server/mirror from our
 * routerlist.  Arguments are as for router_pick_directory_server(), except
 * that RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS is ignored, and:
 *
 * If the PDS_PREFER_TUNNELED_DIR_CONNS_ flag is set, prefer directory servers
 * that we can use with BEGINDIR.
 */
static const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_directory_server_impl(dirinfo_type_t type, int flags)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  const node_t *result;
  smartlist_t *direct, *tunnel;
  smartlist_t *trusted_direct, *trusted_tunnel;
  smartlist_t *overloaded_direct, *overloaded_tunnel;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  const networkstatus_t *consensus = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus();
  int requireother = ! (flags & PDS_ALLOW_SELF);
  int fascistfirewall = ! (flags & PDS_IGNORE_FASCISTFIREWALL);
  int prefer_tunnel = (flags & PDS_PREFER_TUNNELED_DIR_CONNS_);
  int try_excluding = 1, n_excluded = 0;

  if (!consensus)
    return NULL;

 retry_without_exclude:

  direct = smartlist_new();
  tunnel = smartlist_new();
  trusted_direct = smartlist_new();
  trusted_tunnel = smartlist_new();
  overloaded_direct = smartlist_new();
  overloaded_tunnel = smartlist_new();

  /* Find all the running dirservers we know about. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(nodelist_get_list(), const node_t *, node) {
    int is_trusted;
    int is_overloaded;
    tor_addr_t addr;
    const routerstatus_t *status = node->rs;
    const country_t country = node->country;
    if (!status)
      continue;

    if (!node->is_running || !status->dir_port || !node->is_valid)
      continue;
    if (node->is_bad_directory)
      continue;
    if (requireother && router_digest_is_me(node->identity))
      continue;
    is_trusted = router_digest_is_trusted_dir(node->identity);
    if ((type & V2_DIRINFO) && !(node->rs->is_v2_dir || is_trusted))
      continue;
    if ((type & EXTRAINFO_DIRINFO) &&
        !router_supports_extrainfo(node->identity, 0))
      continue;
    if ((type & MICRODESC_DIRINFO) && !is_trusted &&
        !node->rs->version_supports_microdesc_cache)
      continue;
    if (try_excluding &&
        routerset_contains_routerstatus(options->ExcludeNodes, status,
                                        country)) {
      ++n_excluded;
      continue;
    }

    /* XXXX IP6 proposal 118 */
    tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&addr, node->rs->addr);

    is_overloaded = status->last_dir_503_at + DIR_503_TIMEOUT > now;

    if (prefer_tunnel &&
        (!fascistfirewall ||
         fascist_firewall_allows_address_or(&addr, status->or_port)))
      smartlist_add(is_trusted ? trusted_tunnel :
                    is_overloaded ? overloaded_tunnel : tunnel, (void*)node);
    else if (!fascistfirewall ||
             fascist_firewall_allows_address_dir(&addr, status->dir_port))
      smartlist_add(is_trusted ? trusted_direct :
                    is_overloaded ? overloaded_direct : direct, (void*)node);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);

  if (smartlist_len(tunnel)) {
    result = node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(tunnel, WEIGHT_FOR_DIR);
  } else if (smartlist_len(overloaded_tunnel)) {
    result = node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(overloaded_tunnel,
                                                 WEIGHT_FOR_DIR);
  } else if (smartlist_len(trusted_tunnel)) {
    /* FFFF We don't distinguish between trusteds and overloaded trusteds
     * yet. Maybe one day we should. */
    /* FFFF We also don't load balance over authorities yet. I think this
     * is a feature, but it could easily be a bug. -RD */
    result = smartlist_choose(trusted_tunnel);
  } else if (smartlist_len(direct)) {
    result = node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(direct, WEIGHT_FOR_DIR);
  } else if (smartlist_len(overloaded_direct)) {
    result = node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(overloaded_direct,
                                         WEIGHT_FOR_DIR);
  } else {
    result = smartlist_choose(trusted_direct);
  }
  smartlist_free(direct);
  smartlist_free(tunnel);
  smartlist_free(trusted_direct);
  smartlist_free(trusted_tunnel);
  smartlist_free(overloaded_direct);
  smartlist_free(overloaded_tunnel);

  if (result == NULL && try_excluding && !options->StrictNodes && n_excluded) {
    /* If we got no result, and we are excluding nodes, and StrictNodes is
     * not set, try again without excluding nodes. */
    try_excluding = 0;
    n_excluded = 0;
    goto retry_without_exclude;
  }

  return result ? result->rs : NULL;
}

/** Pick a random element from a list of dir_server_t, weighting by their
 * <b>weight</b> field. */
static const dir_server_t *
dirserver_choose_by_weight(const smartlist_t *servers, double authority_weight)
{
  int n = smartlist_len(servers);
  int i;
  u64_dbl_t *weights;
  const dir_server_t *ds;

  weights = tor_malloc(sizeof(u64_dbl_t) * n);
  for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    ds = smartlist_get(servers, i);
    weights[i].dbl = ds->weight;
    if (ds->is_authority)
      weights[i].dbl *= authority_weight;
  }

  scale_array_elements_to_u64(weights, n, NULL);
  i = choose_array_element_by_weight(weights, n);
  tor_free(weights);
  return (i < 0) ? NULL : smartlist_get(servers, i);
}

/** Choose randomly from among the dir_server_ts in sourcelist that
 * are up. Flags are as for router_pick_directory_server_impl().
 */
static const routerstatus_t *
router_pick_trusteddirserver_impl(const smartlist_t *sourcelist,
                                  dirinfo_type_t type, int flags,
                                  int *n_busy_out)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  smartlist_t *direct, *tunnel;
  smartlist_t *overloaded_direct, *overloaded_tunnel;
  const routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
  const routerstatus_t *result = NULL;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  const int requireother = ! (flags & PDS_ALLOW_SELF);
  const int fascistfirewall = ! (flags & PDS_IGNORE_FASCISTFIREWALL);
  const int prefer_tunnel = (flags & PDS_PREFER_TUNNELED_DIR_CONNS_);
  const int no_serverdesc_fetching =(flags & PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH);
  const int no_microdesc_fetching =(flags & PDS_NO_EXISTING_MICRODESC_FETCH);
  const double auth_weight = (sourcelist == fallback_dir_servers) ?
    options->DirAuthorityFallbackRate : 1.0;
  smartlist_t *pick_from;
  int n_busy = 0;
  int try_excluding = 1, n_excluded = 0;

  if (!sourcelist)
    return NULL;

 retry_without_exclude:

  direct = smartlist_new();
  tunnel = smartlist_new();
  overloaded_direct = smartlist_new();
  overloaded_tunnel = smartlist_new();

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sourcelist, const dir_server_t *, d)
    {
      int is_overloaded =
          d->fake_status.last_dir_503_at + DIR_503_TIMEOUT > now;
      tor_addr_t addr;
      if (!d->is_running) continue;
      if ((type & d->type) == 0)
        continue;
      if ((type & EXTRAINFO_DIRINFO) &&
          !router_supports_extrainfo(d->digest, 1))
        continue;
      if (requireother && me && router_digest_is_me(d->digest))
          continue;
      if (try_excluding &&
          routerset_contains_routerstatus(options->ExcludeNodes,
                                          &d->fake_status, -1)) {
        ++n_excluded;
        continue;
      }

      /* XXXX IP6 proposal 118 */
      tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&addr, d->addr);

      if (no_serverdesc_fetching) {
        if (connection_get_by_type_addr_port_purpose(
            CONN_TYPE_DIR, &addr, d->dir_port, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC)
         || connection_get_by_type_addr_port_purpose(
             CONN_TYPE_DIR, &addr, d->dir_port, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO)) {
          //log_debug(LD_DIR, "We have an existing connection to fetch "
          //           "descriptor from %s; delaying",d->description);
          ++n_busy;
          continue;
        }
      }
      if (no_microdesc_fetching) {
        if (connection_get_by_type_addr_port_purpose(
             CONN_TYPE_DIR, &addr, d->dir_port, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC)) {
          ++n_busy;
          continue;
        }
      }

      if (prefer_tunnel &&
          d->or_port &&
          (!fascistfirewall ||
           fascist_firewall_allows_address_or(&addr, d->or_port)))
        smartlist_add(is_overloaded ? overloaded_tunnel : tunnel, (void*)d);
      else if (!fascistfirewall ||
               fascist_firewall_allows_address_dir(&addr, d->dir_port))
        smartlist_add(is_overloaded ? overloaded_direct : direct, (void*)d);
    }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(d);

  if (smartlist_len(tunnel)) {
    pick_from = tunnel;
  } else if (smartlist_len(overloaded_tunnel)) {
    pick_from = overloaded_tunnel;
  } else if (smartlist_len(direct)) {
    pick_from = direct;
  } else {
    pick_from = overloaded_direct;
  }

  {
    const dir_server_t *selection =
      dirserver_choose_by_weight(pick_from, auth_weight);

    if (selection)
      result = &selection->fake_status;
  }

  if (n_busy_out)
    *n_busy_out = n_busy;

  smartlist_free(direct);
  smartlist_free(tunnel);
  smartlist_free(overloaded_direct);
  smartlist_free(overloaded_tunnel);

  if (result == NULL && try_excluding && !options->StrictNodes && n_excluded) {
    /* If we got no result, and we are excluding nodes, and StrictNodes is
     * not set, try again without excluding nodes. */
    try_excluding = 0;
    n_excluded = 0;
    goto retry_without_exclude;
  }

  return result;
}

/** Mark as running every dir_server_t in <b>server_list</b>. */
static void
mark_all_dirservers_up(smartlist_t *server_list)
{
  if (server_list) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(server_list, dir_server_t *, dir) {
      routerstatus_t *rs;
      node_t *node;
      dir->is_running = 1;
      download_status_reset(&dir->v2_ns_dl_status);
      node = node_get_mutable_by_id(dir->digest);
      if (node)
        node->is_running = 1;
      rs = router_get_mutable_consensus_status_by_id(dir->digest);
      if (rs) {
        rs->last_dir_503_at = 0;
        control_event_networkstatus_changed_single(rs);
      }
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(dir);
  }
  router_dir_info_changed();
}

/** Return true iff r1 and r2 have the same address and OR port. */
int
routers_have_same_or_addrs(const routerinfo_t *r1, const routerinfo_t *r2)
{
  return r1->addr == r2->addr && r1->or_port == r2->or_port &&
    tor_addr_eq(&r1->ipv6_addr, &r2->ipv6_addr) &&
    r1->ipv6_orport == r2->ipv6_orport;
}

/** Reset all internal variables used to count failed downloads of network
 * status objects. */
void
router_reset_status_download_failures(void)
{
  mark_all_dirservers_up(fallback_dir_servers);
}

/** Given a <b>router</b>, add every node_t in its family (including the
 * node itself!) to <b>sl</b>.
 *
 * Note the type mismatch: This function takes a routerinfo, but adds nodes
 * to the smartlist!
 */
static void
routerlist_add_node_and_family(smartlist_t *sl, const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  /* XXXX MOVE ? */
  node_t fake_node;
  const node_t *node = node_get_by_id(router->cache_info.identity_digest);;
  if (node == NULL) {
    memset(&fake_node, 0, sizeof(fake_node));
    fake_node.ri = (routerinfo_t *)router;
    memcpy(fake_node.identity, router->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    node = &fake_node;
  }
  nodelist_add_node_and_family(sl, node);
}

/** Return 1 iff any member of the (possibly NULL) comma-separated list
 * <b>list</b> is an acceptable nickname or hexdigest for <b>router</b>.  Else
 * return 0.
 */
int
router_nickname_is_in_list(const routerinfo_t *router, const char *list)
{
  smartlist_t *nickname_list;
  int v = 0;

  if (!list)
    return 0; /* definitely not */
  tor_assert(router);

  nickname_list = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_split_string(nickname_list, list, ",",
    SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_STRIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 0);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(nickname_list, const char *, cp,
                    if (router_nickname_matches(router, cp)) {v=1;break;});
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(nickname_list, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_free(nickname_list);
  return v;
}

/** Add every suitable node from our nodelist to <b>sl</b>, so that
 * we can pick a node for a circuit.
 */
static void
router_add_running_nodes_to_smartlist(smartlist_t *sl, int allow_invalid,
                                      int need_uptime, int need_capacity,
                                      int need_guard, int need_desc)
{ /* XXXX MOVE */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(nodelist_get_list(), const node_t *, node) {
    if (!node->is_running ||
        (!node->is_valid && !allow_invalid))
      continue;
    if (need_desc && !(node->ri || (node->rs && node->md)))
      continue;
    if (node->ri && node->ri->purpose != ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL)
      continue;
    if (node_is_unreliable(node, need_uptime, need_capacity, need_guard))
      continue;

    smartlist_add(sl, (void *)node);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);
}

/** Look through the routerlist until we find a router that has my key.
 Return it. */
const routerinfo_t *
routerlist_find_my_routerinfo(void)
{
  if (!routerlist)
    return NULL;

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, router,
  {
    if (router_is_me(router))
      return router;
  });
  return NULL;
}

/** Return the smaller of the router's configured BandwidthRate
 * and its advertised capacity. */
uint32_t
router_get_advertised_bandwidth(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  if (router->bandwidthcapacity < router->bandwidthrate)
    return router->bandwidthcapacity;
  return router->bandwidthrate;
}

/** Do not weight any declared bandwidth more than this much when picking
 * routers by bandwidth. */
#define DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH 10000000 /* 10 MB/sec */

/** Return the smaller of the router's configured BandwidthRate
 * and its advertised capacity, capped by max-believe-bw. */
uint32_t
router_get_advertised_bandwidth_capped(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  uint32_t result = router->bandwidthcapacity;
  if (result > router->bandwidthrate)
    result = router->bandwidthrate;
  if (result > DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH)
    result = DEFAULT_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH;
  return result;
}

/** Given an array of double/uint64_t unions that are currently being used as
 * doubles, convert them to uint64_t, and try to scale them linearly so as to
 * much of the range of uint64_t. If <b>total_out</b> is provided, set it to
 * the sum of all elements in the array _before_ scaling. */
/* private */ void
scale_array_elements_to_u64(u64_dbl_t *entries, int n_entries,
                            uint64_t *total_out)
{
  double total = 0.0;
  double scale_factor;
  int i;
  /* big, but far away from overflowing an int64_t */
#define SCALE_TO_U64_MAX (INT64_MAX / 4)

  for (i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
    total += entries[i].dbl;

  scale_factor = SCALE_TO_U64_MAX / total;

  for (i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
    entries[i].u64 = tor_llround(entries[i].dbl * scale_factor);

  if (total_out)
    *total_out = (uint64_t) total;

#undef SCALE_TO_U64_MAX
}

/** Time-invariant 64-bit greater-than; works on two integers in the range
 * (0,INT64_MAX). */
#if SIZEOF_VOID_P == 8
#define gt_i64_timei(a,b) ((a) > (b))
#else
static INLINE int
gt_i64_timei(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
{
  int64_t diff = (int64_t) (b - a);
  int res = diff >> 63;
  return res & 1;
}
#endif

/** Pick a random element of <b>n_entries</b>-element array <b>entries</b>,
 * choosing each element with a probability proportional to its (uint64_t)
 * value, and return the index of that element.  If all elements are 0, choose
 * an index at random. Return -1 on error.
 */
/* private */ int
choose_array_element_by_weight(const u64_dbl_t *entries, int n_entries)
{
  int i, i_chosen=-1, n_chosen=0;
  uint64_t total_so_far = 0;
  uint64_t rand_val;
  uint64_t total = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
    total += entries[i].u64;

  if (n_entries < 1)
    return -1;

  if (total == 0)
    return crypto_rand_int(n_entries);

  tor_assert(total < INT64_MAX);

  rand_val = crypto_rand_uint64(total);

  for (i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i) {
    total_so_far += entries[i].u64;
    if (gt_i64_timei(total_so_far, rand_val)) {
      i_chosen = i;
      n_chosen++;
      /* Set rand_val to INT64_MAX rather than stopping the loop. This way,
       * the time we spend in the loop does not leak which element we chose. */
      rand_val = INT64_MAX;
    }
  }
  tor_assert(total_so_far == total);
  tor_assert(n_chosen == 1);
  tor_assert(i_chosen >= 0);
  tor_assert(i_chosen < n_entries);

  return i_chosen;
}

/** When weighting bridges, enforce these values as lower and upper
 * bound for believable bandwidth, because there is no way for us
 * to verify a bridge's bandwidth currently. */
#define BRIDGE_MIN_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH 20000  /* 20 kB/sec */
#define BRIDGE_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH 100000 /* 100 kB/sec */

/** Return the smaller of the router's configured BandwidthRate
 * and its advertised capacity, making sure to stay within the
 * interval between bridge-min-believe-bw and
 * bridge-max-believe-bw. */
static uint32_t
bridge_get_advertised_bandwidth_bounded(routerinfo_t *router)
{
  uint32_t result = router->bandwidthcapacity;
  if (result > router->bandwidthrate)
    result = router->bandwidthrate;
  if (result > BRIDGE_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH)
    result = BRIDGE_MAX_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH;
  else if (result < BRIDGE_MIN_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH)
    result = BRIDGE_MIN_BELIEVABLE_BANDWIDTH;
  return result;
}

/** Return bw*1000, unless bw*1000 would overflow, in which case return
 * INT32_MAX. */
static INLINE int32_t
kb_to_bytes(uint32_t bw)
{
  return (bw > (INT32_MAX/1000)) ? INT32_MAX : bw*1000;
}

/** Helper function:
 * choose a random element of smartlist <b>sl</b> of nodes, weighted by
 * the advertised bandwidth of each element using the consensus
 * bandwidth weights.
 *
 * If <b>rule</b>==WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT. we're picking an exit node: consider all
 * nodes' bandwidth equally regardless of their Exit status, since there may
 * be some in the list because they exit to obscure ports. If
 * <b>rule</b>==NO_WEIGHTING, we're picking a non-exit node: weight
 * exit-node's bandwidth less depending on the smallness of the fraction of
 * Exit-to-total bandwidth.  If <b>rule</b>==WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD, we're picking a
 * guard node: consider all guard's bandwidth equally. Otherwise, weight
 * guards proportionally less.
 */
static const node_t *
smartlist_choose_node_by_bandwidth_weights(const smartlist_t *sl,
                                           bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule)
{
  u64_dbl_t *bandwidths=NULL;

  if (compute_weighted_bandwidths(sl, rule, &bandwidths) < 0)
    return NULL;

  scale_array_elements_to_u64(bandwidths, smartlist_len(sl),
                              &sl_last_total_weighted_bw);

  {
    int idx = choose_array_element_by_weight(bandwidths,
                                             smartlist_len(sl));
    tor_free(bandwidths);
    return idx < 0 ? NULL : smartlist_get(sl, idx);
  }
}

/** Given a list of routers and a weighting rule as in
 * smartlist_choose_node_by_bandwidth_weights, compute weighted bandwidth
 * values for each node and store them in a freshly allocated
 * *<b>bandwidths_out</b> of the same length as <b>sl</b>, and holding results
 * as doubles. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure. */
static int
compute_weighted_bandwidths(const smartlist_t *sl,
                            bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule,
                            u64_dbl_t **bandwidths_out)
{
  int64_t weight_scale;
  double Wg = -1, Wm = -1, We = -1, Wd = -1;
  double Wgb = -1, Wmb = -1, Web = -1, Wdb = -1;
  uint64_t weighted_bw = 0;
  u64_dbl_t *bandwidths;

  /* Can't choose exit and guard at same time */
  tor_assert(rule == NO_WEIGHTING ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_MID ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_DIR);

  if (smartlist_len(sl) == 0) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
             "Empty routerlist passed in to consensus weight node "
             "selection for rule %s",
             bandwidth_weight_rule_to_string(rule));
    return -1;
  }

  weight_scale = networkstatus_get_weight_scale_param(NULL);

  if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD) {
    Wg = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgg", -1);
    Wm = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgm", -1); /* Bridges */
    We = 0;
    Wd = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgd", -1);

    Wgb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgb", -1);
    Wmb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmb", -1);
    Web = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Web", -1);
    Wdb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wdb", -1);
  } else if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_MID) {
    Wg = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmg", -1);
    Wm = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmm", -1);
    We = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wme", -1);
    Wd = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmd", -1);

    Wgb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgb", -1);
    Wmb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmb", -1);
    Web = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Web", -1);
    Wdb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wdb", -1);
  } else if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT) {
    // Guards CAN be exits if they have weird exit policies
    // They are d then I guess...
    We = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wee", -1);
    Wm = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wem", -1); /* Odd exit policies */
    Wd = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wed", -1);
    Wg = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Weg", -1); /* Odd exit policies */

    Wgb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wgb", -1);
    Wmb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wmb", -1);
    Web = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Web", -1);
    Wdb = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wdb", -1);
  } else if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_DIR) {
    We = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wbe", -1);
    Wm = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wbm", -1);
    Wd = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wbd", -1);
    Wg = networkstatus_get_bw_weight(NULL, "Wbg", -1);

    Wgb = Wmb = Web = Wdb = weight_scale;
  } else if (rule == NO_WEIGHTING) {
    Wg = Wm = We = Wd = weight_scale;
    Wgb = Wmb = Web = Wdb = weight_scale;
  }

  if (Wg < 0 || Wm < 0 || We < 0 || Wd < 0 || Wgb < 0 || Wmb < 0 || Wdb < 0
      || Web < 0) {
    log_debug(LD_CIRC,
              "Got negative bandwidth weights. Defaulting to old selection"
              " algorithm.");
    return -1; // Use old algorithm.
  }

  Wg /= weight_scale;
  Wm /= weight_scale;
  We /= weight_scale;
  Wd /= weight_scale;

  Wgb /= weight_scale;
  Wmb /= weight_scale;
  Web /= weight_scale;
  Wdb /= weight_scale;

  bandwidths = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(u64_dbl_t)*smartlist_len(sl));

  // Cycle through smartlist and total the bandwidth.
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sl, const node_t *, node) {
    int is_exit = 0, is_guard = 0, is_dir = 0, this_bw = 0, is_me = 0;
    double weight = 1;
    is_exit = node->is_exit && ! node->is_bad_exit;
    is_guard = node->is_possible_guard;
    is_dir = node_is_dir(node);
    if (node->rs) {
      if (!node->rs->has_bandwidth) {
        tor_free(bandwidths);
        /* This should never happen, unless all the authorites downgrade
         * to 0.2.0 or rogue routerstatuses get inserted into our consensus. */
        log_warn(LD_BUG,
                 "Consensus is not listing bandwidths. Defaulting back to "
                 "old router selection algorithm.");
        return -1;
      }
      this_bw = kb_to_bytes(node->rs->bandwidth);
    } else if (node->ri) {
      /* bridge or other descriptor not in our consensus */
      this_bw = bridge_get_advertised_bandwidth_bounded(node->ri);
    } else {
      /* We can't use this one. */
      continue;
    }
    is_me = router_digest_is_me(node->identity);

    if (is_guard && is_exit) {
      weight = (is_dir ? Wdb*Wd : Wd);
    } else if (is_guard) {
      weight = (is_dir ? Wgb*Wg : Wg);
    } else if (is_exit) {
      weight = (is_dir ? Web*We : We);
    } else { // middle
      weight = (is_dir ? Wmb*Wm : Wm);
    }
    /* These should be impossible; but overflows here would be bad, so let's
     * make sure. */
    if (this_bw < 0)
      this_bw = 0;
    if (weight < 0.0)
      weight = 0.0;

    bandwidths[node_sl_idx].dbl = weight*this_bw + 0.5;
    if (is_me)
      sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me = (uint64_t) bandwidths[node_sl_idx].dbl;
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);

  log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Generated weighted bandwidths for rule %s based "
            "on weights "
            "Wg=%f Wm=%f We=%f Wd=%f with total bw "U64_FORMAT,
            bandwidth_weight_rule_to_string(rule),
            Wg, Wm, We, Wd, U64_PRINTF_ARG(weighted_bw));

  *bandwidths_out = bandwidths;

  return 0;
}

/** For all nodes in <b>sl</b>, return the fraction of those nodes, weighted
 * by their weighted bandwidths with rule <b>rule</b>, for which we have
 * descriptors. */
double
frac_nodes_with_descriptors(const smartlist_t *sl,
                            bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule)
{
  u64_dbl_t *bandwidths = NULL;
  double total, present;

  if (smartlist_len(sl) == 0)
    return 0.0;

  if (compute_weighted_bandwidths(sl, rule, &bandwidths) < 0) {
    int n_with_descs = 0;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, const node_t *, node, {
      if (node_has_descriptor(node))
        n_with_descs++;
    });
    return ((double)n_with_descs) / (double)smartlist_len(sl);
  }

  total = present = 0.0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sl, const node_t *, node) {
    const double bw = bandwidths[node_sl_idx].dbl;
    total += bw;
    if (node_has_descriptor(node))
      present += bw;
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);

  tor_free(bandwidths);

  if (total < 1.0)
    return 0;

  return present / total;
}

/** Helper function:
 * choose a random node_t element of smartlist <b>sl</b>, weighted by
 * the advertised bandwidth of each element.
 *
 * If <b>rule</b>==WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT. we're picking an exit node: consider all
 * nodes' bandwidth equally regardless of their Exit status, since there may
 * be some in the list because they exit to obscure ports. If
 * <b>rule</b>==NO_WEIGHTING, we're picking a non-exit node: weight
 * exit-node's bandwidth less depending on the smallness of the fraction of
 * Exit-to-total bandwidth.  If <b>rule</b>==WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD, we're picking a
 * guard node: consider all guard's bandwidth equally. Otherwise, weight
 * guards proportionally less.
 */
static const node_t *
smartlist_choose_node_by_bandwidth(const smartlist_t *sl,
                                   bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule)
{
  unsigned int i;
  u64_dbl_t *bandwidths;
  int is_exit;
  int is_guard;
  int is_fast;
  double total_nonexit_bw = 0, total_exit_bw = 0;
  double total_nonguard_bw = 0, total_guard_bw = 0;
  double exit_weight;
  double guard_weight;
  int n_unknown = 0;
  bitarray_t *fast_bits;
  bitarray_t *exit_bits;
  bitarray_t *guard_bits;
  int me_idx = -1;

  // This function does not support WEIGHT_FOR_DIR
  // or WEIGHT_FOR_MID
  if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_DIR || rule == WEIGHT_FOR_MID) {
    rule = NO_WEIGHTING;
  }

  /* Can't choose exit and guard at same time */
  tor_assert(rule == NO_WEIGHTING ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT ||
             rule == WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD);

  if (smartlist_len(sl) == 0) {
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
             "Empty routerlist passed in to old node selection for rule %s",
             bandwidth_weight_rule_to_string(rule));
    return NULL;
  }

  /* First count the total bandwidth weight, and make a list
   * of each value.  We use UINT64_MAX to indicate "unknown". */
  bandwidths = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(u64_dbl_t)*smartlist_len(sl));
  fast_bits = bitarray_init_zero(smartlist_len(sl));
  exit_bits = bitarray_init_zero(smartlist_len(sl));
  guard_bits = bitarray_init_zero(smartlist_len(sl));

  /* Iterate over all the routerinfo_t or routerstatus_t, and */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sl, const node_t *, node) {
    /* first, learn what bandwidth we think i has */
    int is_known = 1;
    uint32_t this_bw = 0;
    i = node_sl_idx;

    if (router_digest_is_me(node->identity))
      me_idx = node_sl_idx;

    is_exit = node->is_exit;
    is_guard = node->is_possible_guard;
    if (node->rs) {
      if (node->rs->has_bandwidth) {
        this_bw = kb_to_bytes(node->rs->bandwidth);
      } else { /* guess */
        is_known = 0;
      }
    } else if (node->ri) {
      /* Must be a bridge if we're willing to use it */
      this_bw = bridge_get_advertised_bandwidth_bounded(node->ri);
    }

    if (is_exit)
      bitarray_set(exit_bits, i);
    if (is_guard)
      bitarray_set(guard_bits, i);
    if (node->is_fast)
      bitarray_set(fast_bits, i);

    if (is_known) {
      bandwidths[i].dbl = this_bw;
      if (is_guard)
        total_guard_bw += this_bw;
      else
        total_nonguard_bw += this_bw;
      if (is_exit)
        total_exit_bw += this_bw;
      else
        total_nonexit_bw += this_bw;
    } else {
      ++n_unknown;
      bandwidths[i].dbl = -1.0;
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(node);

#define EPSILON .1

  /* Now, fill in the unknown values. */
  if (n_unknown) {
    int32_t avg_fast, avg_slow;
    if (total_exit_bw+total_nonexit_bw < EPSILON) {
      /* if there's some bandwidth, there's at least one known router,
       * so no worries about div by 0 here */
      int n_known = smartlist_len(sl)-n_unknown;
      avg_fast = avg_slow = (int32_t)
        ((total_exit_bw+total_nonexit_bw)/((uint64_t) n_known));
    } else {
      avg_fast = 40000;
      avg_slow = 20000;
    }
    for (i=0; i<(unsigned)smartlist_len(sl); ++i) {
      if (bandwidths[i].dbl >= 0.0)
        continue;
      is_fast = bitarray_is_set(fast_bits, i);
      is_exit = bitarray_is_set(exit_bits, i);
      is_guard = bitarray_is_set(guard_bits, i);
      bandwidths[i].dbl = is_fast ? avg_fast : avg_slow;
      if (is_exit)
        total_exit_bw += bandwidths[i].dbl;
      else
        total_nonexit_bw += bandwidths[i].dbl;
      if (is_guard)
        total_guard_bw += bandwidths[i].dbl;
      else
        total_nonguard_bw += bandwidths[i].dbl;
    }
  }

  /* If there's no bandwidth at all, pick at random. */
  if (total_exit_bw+total_nonexit_bw < EPSILON) {
    tor_free(bandwidths);
    tor_free(fast_bits);
    tor_free(exit_bits);
    tor_free(guard_bits);
    return smartlist_choose(sl);
  }

  /* Figure out how to weight exits and guards */
  {
    double all_bw = U64_TO_DBL(total_exit_bw+total_nonexit_bw);
    double exit_bw = U64_TO_DBL(total_exit_bw);
    double guard_bw = U64_TO_DBL(total_guard_bw);
    /*
     * For detailed derivation of this formula, see
     *   http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/Jul-2007/msg00056.html
     */
    if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT || total_exit_bw<EPSILON)
      exit_weight = 1.0;
    else
      exit_weight = 1.0 - all_bw/(3.0*exit_bw);

    if (rule == WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD || total_guard_bw<EPSILON)
      guard_weight = 1.0;
    else
      guard_weight = 1.0 - all_bw/(3.0*guard_bw);

    if (exit_weight <= 0.0)
      exit_weight = 0.0;

    if (guard_weight <= 0.0)
      guard_weight = 0.0;

    sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me = 0;
    for (i=0; i < (unsigned)smartlist_len(sl); i++) {
      tor_assert(bandwidths[i].dbl >= 0.0);

      is_exit = bitarray_is_set(exit_bits, i);
      is_guard = bitarray_is_set(guard_bits, i);
      if (is_exit && is_guard)
        bandwidths[i].dbl *= exit_weight * guard_weight;
      else if (is_guard)
        bandwidths[i].dbl *= guard_weight;
      else if (is_exit)
        bandwidths[i].dbl *= exit_weight;

      if (i == (unsigned) me_idx)
        sl_last_weighted_bw_of_me = (uint64_t) bandwidths[i].dbl;
    }
  }

#if 0
  log_debug(LD_CIRC, "Total weighted bw = "U64_FORMAT
            ", exit bw = "U64_FORMAT
            ", nonexit bw = "U64_FORMAT", exit weight = %f "
            "(for exit == %d)"
            ", guard bw = "U64_FORMAT
            ", nonguard bw = "U64_FORMAT", guard weight = %f "
            "(for guard == %d)",
            U64_PRINTF_ARG(total_bw),
            U64_PRINTF_ARG(total_exit_bw), U64_PRINTF_ARG(total_nonexit_bw),
            exit_weight, (int)(rule == WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT),
            U64_PRINTF_ARG(total_guard_bw), U64_PRINTF_ARG(total_nonguard_bw),
            guard_weight, (int)(rule == WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD));
#endif

  scale_array_elements_to_u64(bandwidths, smartlist_len(sl),
                              &sl_last_total_weighted_bw);

  {
    int idx = choose_array_element_by_weight(bandwidths,
                                             smartlist_len(sl));
    tor_free(bandwidths);
    tor_free(fast_bits);
    tor_free(exit_bits);
    tor_free(guard_bits);
    return idx < 0 ? NULL : smartlist_get(sl, idx);
  }
}

/** Choose a random element of status list <b>sl</b>, weighted by
 * the advertised bandwidth of each node */
const node_t *
node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(const smartlist_t *sl,
                            bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule)
{ /*XXXX MOVE */
  const node_t *ret;
  if ((ret = smartlist_choose_node_by_bandwidth_weights(sl, rule))) {
    return ret;
  } else {
    return smartlist_choose_node_by_bandwidth(sl, rule);
  }
}

/** Return a random running node from the nodelist. Never
 * pick a node that is in
 * <b>excludedsmartlist</b>, or which matches <b>excludedset</b>,
 * even if they are the only nodes available.
 * If <b>CRN_NEED_UPTIME</b> is set in flags and any router has more than
 * a minimum uptime, return one of those.
 * If <b>CRN_NEED_CAPACITY</b> is set in flags, weight your choice by the
 * advertised capacity of each router.
 * If <b>CRN_ALLOW_INVALID</b> is not set in flags, consider only Valid
 * routers.
 * If <b>CRN_NEED_GUARD</b> is set in flags, consider only Guard routers.
 * If <b>CRN_WEIGHT_AS_EXIT</b> is set in flags, we weight bandwidths as if
 * picking an exit node, otherwise we weight bandwidths for picking a relay
 * node (that is, possibly discounting exit nodes).
 * If <b>CRN_NEED_DESC</b> is set in flags, we only consider nodes that
 * have a routerinfo or microdescriptor -- that is, enough info to be
 * used to build a circuit.
 */
const node_t *
router_choose_random_node(smartlist_t *excludedsmartlist,
                          routerset_t *excludedset,
                          router_crn_flags_t flags)
{ /* XXXX MOVE */
  const int need_uptime = (flags & CRN_NEED_UPTIME) != 0;
  const int need_capacity = (flags & CRN_NEED_CAPACITY) != 0;
  const int need_guard = (flags & CRN_NEED_GUARD) != 0;
  const int allow_invalid = (flags & CRN_ALLOW_INVALID) != 0;
  const int weight_for_exit = (flags & CRN_WEIGHT_AS_EXIT) != 0;
  const int need_desc = (flags & CRN_NEED_DESC) != 0;

  smartlist_t *sl=smartlist_new(),
    *excludednodes=smartlist_new();
  const node_t *choice = NULL;
  const routerinfo_t *r;
  bandwidth_weight_rule_t rule;

  tor_assert(!(weight_for_exit && need_guard));
  rule = weight_for_exit ? WEIGHT_FOR_EXIT :
    (need_guard ? WEIGHT_FOR_GUARD : WEIGHT_FOR_MID);

  /* Exclude relays that allow single hop exit circuits, if the user
   * wants to (such relays might be risky) */
  if (get_options()->ExcludeSingleHopRelays) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(nodelist_get_list(), node_t *, node,
      if (node_allows_single_hop_exits(node)) {
        smartlist_add(excludednodes, node);
      });
  }

  if ((r = routerlist_find_my_routerinfo()))
    routerlist_add_node_and_family(excludednodes, r);

  router_add_running_nodes_to_smartlist(sl, allow_invalid,
                                        need_uptime, need_capacity,
                                        need_guard, need_desc);
  smartlist_subtract(sl,excludednodes);
  if (excludedsmartlist)
    smartlist_subtract(sl,excludedsmartlist);
  if (excludedset)
    routerset_subtract_nodes(sl,excludedset);

  // Always weight by bandwidth
  choice = node_sl_choose_by_bandwidth(sl, rule);

  smartlist_free(sl);
  if (!choice && (need_uptime || need_capacity || need_guard)) {
    /* try once more -- recurse but with fewer restrictions. */
    log_info(LD_CIRC,
             "We couldn't find any live%s%s%s routers; falling back "
             "to list of all routers.",
             need_capacity?", fast":"",
             need_uptime?", stable":"",
             need_guard?", guard":"");
    flags &= ~ (CRN_NEED_UPTIME|CRN_NEED_CAPACITY|CRN_NEED_GUARD);
    choice = router_choose_random_node(
                     excludedsmartlist, excludedset, flags);
  }
  smartlist_free(excludednodes);
  if (!choice) {
    log_warn(LD_CIRC,
             "No available nodes when trying to choose node. Failing.");
  }
  return choice;
}

/** Helper: given an extended nickname in <b>hexdigest</b> try to decode it.
 * Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.  Store the result into the
 * DIGEST_LEN-byte buffer at <b>digest_out</b>, the single character at
 * <b>nickname_qualifier_char_out</b>, and the MAXNICKNAME_LEN+1-byte buffer
 * at <b>nickname_out</b>.
 *
 * The recognized format is:
 *   HexName = Dollar? HexDigest NamePart?
 *   Dollar = '?'
 *   HexDigest = HexChar*20
 *   HexChar = 'a'..'f' | 'A'..'F' | '0'..'9'
 *   NamePart = QualChar Name
 *   QualChar = '=' | '~'
 *   Name = NameChar*(1..MAX_NICKNAME_LEN)
 *   NameChar = Any ASCII alphanumeric character
 */
int
hex_digest_nickname_decode(const char *hexdigest,
                           char *digest_out,
                           char *nickname_qualifier_char_out,
                           char *nickname_out)
{
  size_t len;

  tor_assert(hexdigest);
  if (hexdigest[0] == '$')
    ++hexdigest;

  len = strlen(hexdigest);
  if (len < HEX_DIGEST_LEN) {
    return -1;
  } else if (len > HEX_DIGEST_LEN && (hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] == '=' ||
                                    hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN] == '~') &&
           len <= HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1+MAX_NICKNAME_LEN) {
    *nickname_qualifier_char_out = hexdigest[HEX_DIGEST_LEN];
    strlcpy(nickname_out, hexdigest+HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1 , MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1);
  } else if (len == HEX_DIGEST_LEN) {
    ;
  } else {
    return -1;
  }

  if (base16_decode(digest_out, DIGEST_LEN, hexdigest, HEX_DIGEST_LEN)<0)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** Helper: Return true iff the <b>identity_digest</b> and <b>nickname</b>
 * combination of a router, encoded in hexadecimal, matches <b>hexdigest</b>
 * (which is optionally prefixed with a single dollar sign).  Return false if
 * <b>hexdigest</b> is malformed, or it doesn't match.  */
int
hex_digest_nickname_matches(const char *hexdigest, const char *identity_digest,
                            const char *nickname, int is_named)
{
  char digest[DIGEST_LEN];
  char nn_char='\0';
  char nn_buf[MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1];

  if (hex_digest_nickname_decode(hexdigest, digest, &nn_char, nn_buf) == -1)
    return 0;

  if (nn_char == '=' || nn_char == '~') {
    if (!nickname)
      return 0;
    if (strcasecmp(nn_buf, nickname))
      return 0;
    if (nn_char == '=' && !is_named)
      return 0;
  }

  return tor_memeq(digest, identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
}

/** Return true iff <b>router</b> is listed as named in the current
 * consensus. */
int
router_is_named(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  const char *digest =
    networkstatus_get_router_digest_by_nickname(router->nickname);

  return (digest &&
          tor_memeq(digest, router->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
}

/** Return true iff the digest of <b>router</b>'s identity key,
 * encoded in hexadecimal, matches <b>hexdigest</b> (which is
 * optionally prefixed with a single dollar sign).  Return false if
 * <b>hexdigest</b> is malformed, or it doesn't match.  */
static INLINE int
router_hex_digest_matches(const routerinfo_t *router, const char *hexdigest)
{
  return hex_digest_nickname_matches(hexdigest,
                                     router->cache_info.identity_digest,
                                     router->nickname,
                                     router_is_named(router));
}

/** Return true if <b>router</b>'s nickname matches <b>nickname</b>
 * (case-insensitive), or if <b>router's</b> identity key digest
 * matches a hexadecimal value stored in <b>nickname</b>.  Return
 * false otherwise. */
static int
router_nickname_matches(const routerinfo_t *router, const char *nickname)
{
  if (nickname[0]!='$' && !strcasecmp(router->nickname, nickname))
    return 1;
  return router_hex_digest_matches(router, nickname);
}

/** Return true iff <b>digest</b> is the digest of the identity key of a
 * trusted directory matching at least one bit of <b>type</b>.  If <b>type</b>
 * is zero, any authority is okay. */
int
router_digest_is_trusted_dir_type(const char *digest, dirinfo_type_t type)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return 0;
  if (authdir_mode(get_options()) && router_digest_is_me(digest))
    return 1;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ent,
    if (tor_memeq(digest, ent->digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      return (!type) || ((type & ent->type) != 0);
    });
  return 0;
}

/** Return true iff <b>addr</b> is the address of one of our trusted
 * directory authorities. */
int
router_addr_is_trusted_dir(uint32_t addr)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    return 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(trusted_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ent,
    if (ent->addr == addr)
      return 1;
    );
  return 0;
}

/** If hexdigest is correctly formed, base16_decode it into
 * digest, which must have DIGEST_LEN space in it.
 * Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
int
hexdigest_to_digest(const char *hexdigest, char *digest)
{
  if (hexdigest[0]=='$')
    ++hexdigest;
  if (strlen(hexdigest) < HEX_DIGEST_LEN ||
      base16_decode(digest,DIGEST_LEN,hexdigest,HEX_DIGEST_LEN) < 0)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}

/** As router_get_by_id_digest,but return a pointer that you're allowed to
 * modify */
routerinfo_t *
router_get_mutable_by_digest(const char *digest)
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  // routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  return rimap_get(routerlist->identity_map, digest);
}

/** Return the router in our routerlist whose 20-byte key digest
 * is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router is known. */
const routerinfo_t *
router_get_by_id_digest(const char *digest)
{
  return router_get_mutable_by_digest(digest);
}

/** Return the router in our routerlist whose 20-byte descriptor
 * is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router is known. */
signed_descriptor_t *
router_get_by_descriptor_digest(const char *digest)
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  return sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_digest_map, digest);
}

/** Return the signed descriptor for the router in our routerlist whose
 * 20-byte extra-info digest is <b>digest</b>.  Return NULL if no such router
 * is known. */
signed_descriptor_t *
router_get_by_extrainfo_digest(const char *digest)
{
  tor_assert(digest);

  if (!routerlist) return NULL;

  return sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_by_eid_map, digest);
}

/** Return the signed descriptor for the extrainfo_t in our routerlist whose
 * extra-info-digest is <b>digest</b>. Return NULL if no such extra-info
 * document is known. */
signed_descriptor_t *
extrainfo_get_by_descriptor_digest(const char *digest)
{
  extrainfo_t *ei;
  tor_assert(digest);
  if (!routerlist) return NULL;
  ei = eimap_get(routerlist->extra_info_map, digest);
  return ei ? &ei->cache_info : NULL;
}

/** Return a pointer to the signed textual representation of a descriptor.
 * The returned string is not guaranteed to be NUL-terminated: the string's
 * length will be in desc-\>signed_descriptor_len.
 *
 * If <b>with_annotations</b> is set, the returned string will include
 * the annotations
 * (if any) preceding the descriptor.  This will increase the length of the
 * string by desc-\>annotations_len.
 *
 * The caller must not free the string returned.
 */
static const char *
signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(const signed_descriptor_t *desc,
                                int with_annotations)
{
  const char *r = NULL;
  size_t len = desc->signed_descriptor_len;
  off_t offset = desc->saved_offset;
  if (with_annotations)
    len += desc->annotations_len;
  else
    offset += desc->annotations_len;

  tor_assert(len > 32);
  if (desc->saved_location == SAVED_IN_CACHE && routerlist) {
    desc_store_t *store = desc_get_store(router_get_routerlist(), desc);
    if (store && store->mmap) {
      tor_assert(desc->saved_offset + len <= store->mmap->size);
      r = store->mmap->data + offset;
    } else if (store) {
      log_err(LD_DIR, "We couldn't read a descriptor that is supposedly "
              "mmaped in our cache.  Is another process running in our data "
              "directory?  Exiting.");
      exit(1);
    }
  }
  if (!r) /* no mmap, or not in cache. */
    r = desc->signed_descriptor_body +
      (with_annotations ? 0 : desc->annotations_len);

  tor_assert(r);
  if (!with_annotations) {
    if (fast_memcmp("router ", r, 7) && fast_memcmp("extra-info ", r, 11)) {
      char *cp = tor_strndup(r, 64);
      log_err(LD_DIR, "descriptor at %p begins with unexpected string %s.  "
              "Is another process running in our data directory?  Exiting.",
              desc, escaped(cp));
      exit(1);
    }
  }

  return r;
}

/** Return a pointer to the signed textual representation of a descriptor.
 * The returned string is not guaranteed to be NUL-terminated: the string's
 * length will be in desc-\>signed_descriptor_len.
 *
 * The caller must not free the string returned.
 */
const char *
signed_descriptor_get_body(const signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  return signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc, 0);
}

/** As signed_descriptor_get_body(), but points to the beginning of the
 * annotations section rather than the beginning of the descriptor. */
const char *
signed_descriptor_get_annotations(const signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  return signed_descriptor_get_body_impl(desc, 1);
}

/** Return the current list of all known routers. */
routerlist_t *
router_get_routerlist(void)
{
  if (PREDICT_UNLIKELY(!routerlist)) {
    routerlist = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(routerlist_t));
    routerlist->routers = smartlist_new();
    routerlist->old_routers = smartlist_new();
    routerlist->identity_map = rimap_new();
    routerlist->desc_digest_map = sdmap_new();
    routerlist->desc_by_eid_map = sdmap_new();
    routerlist->extra_info_map = eimap_new();

    routerlist->desc_store.fname_base = "cached-descriptors";
    routerlist->desc_store.fname_alt_base = "cached-routers";
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.fname_base = "cached-extrainfo";

    routerlist->desc_store.type = ROUTER_STORE;
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.type = EXTRAINFO_STORE;

    routerlist->desc_store.description = "router descriptors";
    routerlist->extrainfo_store.description = "extra-info documents";
  }
  return routerlist;
}

/** Free all storage held by <b>router</b>. */
void
routerinfo_free(routerinfo_t *router)
{
  if (!router)
    return;

  tor_free(router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_free(router->address);
  tor_free(router->nickname);
  tor_free(router->platform);
  tor_free(router->contact_info);
  if (router->onion_pkey)
    crypto_pk_free(router->onion_pkey);
  tor_free(router->onion_curve25519_pkey);
  if (router->identity_pkey)
    crypto_pk_free(router->identity_pkey);
  if (router->declared_family) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(router->declared_family, char *, s, tor_free(s));
    smartlist_free(router->declared_family);
  }
  addr_policy_list_free(router->exit_policy);
  short_policy_free(router->ipv6_exit_policy);

  memset(router, 77, sizeof(routerinfo_t));

  tor_free(router);
}

/** Release all storage held by <b>extrainfo</b> */
void
extrainfo_free(extrainfo_t *extrainfo)
{
  if (!extrainfo)
    return;
  tor_free(extrainfo->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body);
  tor_free(extrainfo->pending_sig);

  memset(extrainfo, 88, sizeof(extrainfo_t)); /* debug bad memory usage */
  tor_free(extrainfo);
}

/** Release storage held by <b>sd</b>. */
static void
signed_descriptor_free(signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  if (!sd)
    return;

  tor_free(sd->signed_descriptor_body);

  memset(sd, 99, sizeof(signed_descriptor_t)); /* Debug bad mem usage */
  tor_free(sd);
}

/** Extract a signed_descriptor_t from a general routerinfo, and free the
 * routerinfo.
 */
static signed_descriptor_t *
signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  signed_descriptor_t *sd;
  tor_assert(ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL);
  sd = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(signed_descriptor_t));
  memcpy(sd, &(ri->cache_info), sizeof(signed_descriptor_t));
  sd->routerlist_index = -1;
  ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body = NULL;
  routerinfo_free(ri);
  return sd;
}

/** Helper: free the storage held by the extrainfo_t in <b>e</b>. */
static void
extrainfo_free_(void *e)
{
  extrainfo_free(e);
}

/** Free all storage held by a routerlist <b>rl</b>. */
void
routerlist_free(routerlist_t *rl)
{
  if (!rl)
    return;
  rimap_free(rl->identity_map, NULL);
  sdmap_free(rl->desc_digest_map, NULL);
  sdmap_free(rl->desc_by_eid_map, NULL);
  eimap_free(rl->extra_info_map, extrainfo_free_);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                    routerinfo_free(r));
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(rl->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                    signed_descriptor_free(sd));
  smartlist_free(rl->routers);
  smartlist_free(rl->old_routers);
  if (routerlist->desc_store.mmap)
    tor_munmap_file(routerlist->desc_store.mmap);
  if (routerlist->extrainfo_store.mmap)
    tor_munmap_file(routerlist->extrainfo_store.mmap);
  tor_free(rl);

  router_dir_info_changed();
}

/** Log information about how much memory is being used for routerlist,
 * at log level <b>severity</b>. */
void
dump_routerlist_mem_usage(int severity)
{
  uint64_t livedescs = 0;
  uint64_t olddescs = 0;
  if (!routerlist)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, r,
                    livedescs += r->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
                    olddescs += sd->signed_descriptor_len);

  tor_log(severity, LD_DIR,
      "In %d live descriptors: "U64_FORMAT" bytes.  "
      "In %d old descriptors: "U64_FORMAT" bytes.",
      smartlist_len(routerlist->routers), U64_PRINTF_ARG(livedescs),
      smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers), U64_PRINTF_ARG(olddescs));
}

/** Debugging helper: If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative, assert that <b>ri</b> is
 * in <b>sl</b> at position <b>idx</b>. Otherwise, search <b>sl</b> for
 * <b>ri</b>.  Return the index of <b>ri</b> in <b>sl</b>, or -1 if <b>ri</b>
 * is not in <b>sl</b>. */
static INLINE int
routerlist_find_elt_(smartlist_t *sl, void *ri, int idx)
{
  if (idx < 0) {
    idx = -1;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, routerinfo_t *, r,
                      if (r == ri) {
                        idx = r_sl_idx;
                        break;
                      });
  } else {
    tor_assert(idx < smartlist_len(sl));
    tor_assert(smartlist_get(sl, idx) == ri);
  };
  return idx;
}

/** Insert an item <b>ri</b> into the routerlist <b>rl</b>, updating indices
 * as needed.  There must be no previous member of <b>rl</b> with the same
 * identity digest as <b>ri</b>: If there is, call routerlist_replace
 * instead.
 */
static void
routerlist_insert(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri_old;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd_old;
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri);
  }
  tor_assert(ri->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  ri_old = rimap_set(rl->identity_map, ri->cache_info.identity_digest, ri);
  tor_assert(!ri_old);

  sd_old = sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map,
                     ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                     &(ri->cache_info));
  if (sd_old) {
    int idx = sd_old->routerlist_index;
    sd_old->routerlist_index = -1;
    smartlist_del(rl->old_routers, idx);
    if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)) {
       signed_descriptor_t *d = smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx);
       d->routerlist_index = idx;
    }
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += sd_old->signed_descriptor_len;
    sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd_old->extra_info_digest);
    signed_descriptor_free(sd_old);
  }

  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest))
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
              &ri->cache_info);
  smartlist_add(rl->routers, ri);
  ri->cache_info.routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->routers) - 1;
  nodelist_set_routerinfo(ri, NULL);
  router_dir_info_changed();
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Adds the extrainfo_t <b>ei</b> to the routerlist <b>rl</b>, if there is a
 * corresponding router in rl-\>routers or rl-\>old_routers.  Return true iff
 * we actually inserted <b>ei</b>.  Free <b>ei</b> if it isn't inserted. */
static int
extrainfo_insert(routerlist_t *rl, extrainfo_t *ei)
{
  int r = 0;
  routerinfo_t *ri = rimap_get(rl->identity_map,
                               ei->cache_info.identity_digest);
  signed_descriptor_t *sd =
    sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;

  {
    extrainfo_t *ei_generated = router_get_my_extrainfo();
    tor_assert(ei_generated != ei);
  }

  if (!ri) {
    /* This router is unknown; we can't even verify the signature. Give up.*/
    goto done;
  }
  if (routerinfo_incompatible_with_extrainfo(ri, ei, sd, NULL)) {
    goto done;
  }

  /* Okay, if we make it here, we definitely have a router corresponding to
   * this extrainfo. */

  ei_tmp = eimap_set(rl->extra_info_map,
                     ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                     ei);
  r = 1;
  if (ei_tmp) {
    rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
      ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
  }

 done:
  if (r == 0)
    extrainfo_free(ei);

#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
  return r;
}

#define should_cache_old_descriptors() \
  directory_caches_dir_info(get_options())

/** If we're a directory cache and routerlist <b>rl</b> doesn't have
 * a copy of router <b>ri</b> yet, add it to the list of old (not
 * recommended but still served) descriptors. Else free it. */
static void
routerlist_insert_old(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri)
{
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri);
  }
  tor_assert(ri->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  if (should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      !sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map,
                 ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri);
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    routerinfo_free(ri);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove an item <b>ri</b> from the routerlist <b>rl</b>, updating indices
 * as needed. If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative and smartlist_get(rl-&gt;routers,
 * idx) == ri, we don't need to do a linear search over the list to decide
 * which to remove.  We fill the gap in rl-&gt;routers with a later element in
 * the list, if any exists. <b>ri</b> is freed.
 *
 * If <b>make_old</b> is true, instead of deleting the router, we try adding
 * it to rl-&gt;old_routers. */
void
routerlist_remove(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri, int make_old, time_t now)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  int idx = ri->cache_info.routerlist_index;
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx) == ri);

  nodelist_remove_routerinfo(ri);

  /* make sure the rephist module knows that it's not running */
  rep_hist_note_router_unreachable(ri->cache_info.identity_digest, now);

  ri->cache_info.routerlist_index = -1;
  smartlist_del(rl->routers, idx);
  if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers)) {
    routerinfo_t *r = smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx);
    r->cache_info.routerlist_index = idx;
  }

  ri_tmp = rimap_remove(rl->identity_map, ri->cache_info.identity_digest);
  router_dir_info_changed();
  tor_assert(ri_tmp == ri);

  if (make_old && should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd;
    sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd_tmp;
    sd_tmp = sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                          ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(sd_tmp == &(ri->cache_info));
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                          ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
    if (ei_tmp) {
      rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
        ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
      extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
    }
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
    routerinfo_free(ri);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove a signed_descriptor_t <b>sd</b> from <b>rl</b>-\>old_routers, and
 * adjust <b>rl</b> as appropriate.  <b>idx</b> is -1, or the index of
 * <b>sd</b>. */
static void
routerlist_remove_old(routerlist_t *rl, signed_descriptor_t *sd, int idx)
{
  signed_descriptor_t *sd_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  desc_store_t *store;
  if (idx == -1) {
    idx = sd->routerlist_index;
  }
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers));
  /* XXXX edmanm's bridge relay triggered the following assert while
   * running 0.2.0.12-alpha.  If anybody triggers this again, see if we
   * can get a backtrace. */
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx) == sd);
  tor_assert(idx == sd->routerlist_index);

  sd->routerlist_index = -1;
  smartlist_del(rl->old_routers, idx);
  if (idx < smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)) {
    signed_descriptor_t *d = smartlist_get(rl->old_routers, idx);
    d->routerlist_index = idx;
  }
  sd_tmp = sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                        sd->signed_descriptor_digest);
  tor_assert(sd_tmp == sd);
  store = desc_get_store(rl, sd);
  if (store)
    store->bytes_dropped += sd->signed_descriptor_len;

  ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                        sd->extra_info_digest);
  if (ei_tmp) {
    rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
      ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
  }
  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
    sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest);

  signed_descriptor_free(sd);
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Remove <b>ri_old</b> from the routerlist <b>rl</b>, and replace it with
 * <b>ri_new</b>, updating all index info.  If <b>idx</b> is nonnegative and
 * smartlist_get(rl-&gt;routers, idx) == ri, we don't need to do a linear
 * search over the list to decide which to remove.  We put ri_new in the same
 * index as ri_old, if possible.  ri is freed as appropriate.
 *
 * If should_cache_descriptors() is true, instead of deleting the router,
 * we add it to rl-&gt;old_routers. */
static void
routerlist_replace(routerlist_t *rl, routerinfo_t *ri_old,
                   routerinfo_t *ri_new)
{
  int idx;
  int same_descriptors;

  routerinfo_t *ri_tmp;
  extrainfo_t *ei_tmp;
  {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_generated = router_get_my_routerinfo();
    tor_assert(ri_generated != ri_new);
  }
  tor_assert(ri_old != ri_new);
  tor_assert(ri_new->cache_info.routerlist_index == -1);

  idx = ri_old->cache_info.routerlist_index;
  tor_assert(0 <= idx && idx < smartlist_len(rl->routers));
  tor_assert(smartlist_get(rl->routers, idx) == ri_old);

  {
    routerinfo_t *ri_old_tmp=NULL;
    nodelist_set_routerinfo(ri_new, &ri_old_tmp);
    tor_assert(ri_old == ri_old_tmp);
  }

  router_dir_info_changed();
  if (idx >= 0) {
    smartlist_set(rl->routers, idx, ri_new);
    ri_old->cache_info.routerlist_index = -1;
    ri_new->cache_info.routerlist_index = idx;
    /* Check that ri_old is not in rl->routers anymore: */
    tor_assert( routerlist_find_elt_(rl->routers, ri_old, -1) == -1 );
  } else {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Appending entry from routerlist_replace.");
    routerlist_insert(rl, ri_new);
    return;
  }
  if (tor_memneq(ri_old->cache_info.identity_digest,
             ri_new->cache_info.identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
    /* digests don't match; digestmap_set won't replace */
    rimap_remove(rl->identity_map, ri_old->cache_info.identity_digest);
  }
  ri_tmp = rimap_set(rl->identity_map,
                     ri_new->cache_info.identity_digest, ri_new);
  tor_assert(!ri_tmp || ri_tmp == ri_old);
  sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map,
            ri_new->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
            &(ri_new->cache_info));

  if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
              &ri_new->cache_info);
  }

  same_descriptors = tor_memeq(ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                              ri_new->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                              DIGEST_LEN);

  if (should_cache_old_descriptors() &&
      ri_old->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      !same_descriptors) {
    /* ri_old is going to become a signed_descriptor_t and go into
     * old_routers */
    signed_descriptor_t *sd = signed_descriptor_from_routerinfo(ri_old);
    smartlist_add(rl->old_routers, sd);
    sd->routerlist_index = smartlist_len(rl->old_routers)-1;
    sdmap_set(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest, sd);
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest))
      sdmap_set(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest, sd);
  } else {
    /* We're dropping ri_old. */
    if (!same_descriptors) {
      /* digests don't match; The sdmap_set above didn't replace */
      sdmap_remove(rl->desc_digest_map,
                   ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);

      if (tor_memneq(ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest,
                 ri_new->cache_info.extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
        ei_tmp = eimap_remove(rl->extra_info_map,
                              ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
        if (ei_tmp) {
          rl->extrainfo_store.bytes_dropped +=
            ei_tmp->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
          extrainfo_free(ei_tmp);
        }
      }

      if (!tor_digest_is_zero(ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
        sdmap_remove(rl->desc_by_eid_map,
                     ri_old->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
      }
    }
    rl->desc_store.bytes_dropped += ri_old->cache_info.signed_descriptor_len;
    routerinfo_free(ri_old);
  }
#ifdef DEBUG_ROUTERLIST
  routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
#endif
}

/** Extract the descriptor <b>sd</b> from old_routerlist, and re-parse
 * it as a fresh routerinfo_t. */
static routerinfo_t *
routerlist_reparse_old(routerlist_t *rl, signed_descriptor_t *sd)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  const char *body;

  body = signed_descriptor_get_annotations(sd);

  ri = router_parse_entry_from_string(body,
                         body+sd->signed_descriptor_len+sd->annotations_len,
                         0, 1, NULL);
  if (!ri)
    return NULL;
  memcpy(&ri->cache_info, sd, sizeof(signed_descriptor_t));
  sd->signed_descriptor_body = NULL; /* Steal reference. */
  ri->cache_info.routerlist_index = -1;

  routerlist_remove_old(rl, sd, -1);

  return ri;
}

/** Free all memory held by the routerlist module. */
void
routerlist_free_all(void)
{
  routerlist_free(routerlist);
  routerlist = NULL;
  if (warned_nicknames) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(warned_nicknames, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
    smartlist_free(warned_nicknames);
    warned_nicknames = NULL;
  }
  clear_dir_servers();
  smartlist_free(trusted_dir_servers);
  smartlist_free(fallback_dir_servers);
  trusted_dir_servers = fallback_dir_servers = NULL;
  if (trusted_dir_certs) {
    DIGESTMAP_FOREACH(trusted_dir_certs, key, cert_list_t *, cl) {
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cl->certs, authority_cert_t *, cert,
                        authority_cert_free(cert));
      smartlist_free(cl->certs);
      tor_free(cl);
    } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
    digestmap_free(trusted_dir_certs, NULL);
    trusted_dir_certs = NULL;
  }
}

/** Forget that we have issued any router-related warnings, so that we'll
 * warn again if we see the same errors. */
void
routerlist_reset_warnings(void)
{
  if (!warned_nicknames)
    warned_nicknames = smartlist_new();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(warned_nicknames, char *, cp, tor_free(cp));
  smartlist_clear(warned_nicknames); /* now the list is empty. */

  networkstatus_reset_warnings();
}

/** Add <b>router</b> to the routerlist, if we don't already have it.  Replace
 * older entries (if any) with the same key.  Note: Callers should not hold
 * their pointers to <b>router</b> if this function fails; <b>router</b>
 * will either be inserted into the routerlist or freed. Similarly, even
 * if this call succeeds, they should not hold their pointers to
 * <b>router</b> after subsequent calls with other routerinfo's -- they
 * might cause the original routerinfo to get freed.
 *
 * Returns the status for the operation. Might set *<b>msg</b> if it wants
 * the poster of the router to know something.
 *
 * If <b>from_cache</b>, this descriptor came from our disk cache. If
 * <b>from_fetch</b>, we received it in response to a request we made.
 * (If both are false, that means it was uploaded to us as an auth dir
 * server or via the controller.)
 *
 * This function should be called *after*
 * routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus; subsequently, you
 * should call router_rebuild_store and routerlist_descriptors_added.
 */
was_router_added_t
router_add_to_routerlist(routerinfo_t *router, const char **msg,
                         int from_cache, int from_fetch)
{
  const char *id_digest;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  int authdir = authdir_mode_handles_descs(options, router->purpose);
  int authdir_believes_valid = 0;
  routerinfo_t *old_router;
  networkstatus_t *consensus =
    networkstatus_get_latest_consensus_by_flavor(FLAV_NS);
  const smartlist_t *networkstatus_v2_list = networkstatus_get_v2_list();
  int in_consensus = 0;

  tor_assert(msg);

  if (!routerlist)
    router_get_routerlist();

  id_digest = router->cache_info.identity_digest;

  old_router = router_get_mutable_by_digest(id_digest);

  /* Make sure that we haven't already got this exact descriptor. */
  if (sdmap_get(routerlist->desc_digest_map,
                router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
    /* If we have this descriptor already and the new descriptor is a bridge
     * descriptor, replace it. If we had a bridge descriptor before and the
     * new one is not a bridge descriptor, don't replace it. */

    /* Only members of routerlist->identity_map can be bridges; we don't
     * put bridges in old_routers. */
    const int was_bridge = old_router &&
      old_router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE;

    if (routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router) &&
        router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE &&
        !was_bridge) {
      log_info(LD_DIR, "Replacing non-bridge descriptor with bridge "
               "descriptor for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
    } else {
      log_info(LD_DIR,
               "Dropping descriptor that we already have for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
      *msg = "Router descriptor was not new.";
      routerinfo_free(router);
      return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW;
    }
  }

  if (authdir) {
    if (authdir_wants_to_reject_router(router, msg,
                                       !from_cache && !from_fetch,
                                       &authdir_believes_valid)) {
      tor_assert(*msg);
      routerinfo_free(router);
      return ROUTER_AUTHDIR_REJECTS;
    }
  } else if (from_fetch) {
    /* Only check the descriptor digest against the network statuses when
     * we are receiving in response to a fetch. */

    if (!signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(&router->cache_info) &&
        !routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router)) {
      /* We asked for it, so some networkstatus must have listed it when we
       * did.  Save it if we're a cache in case somebody else asks for it. */
      log_info(LD_DIR,
               "Received a no-longer-recognized descriptor for router %s",
               router_describe(router));
      *msg = "Router descriptor is not referenced by any network-status.";

      /* Only journal this desc if we'll be serving it. */
      if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
      return ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS_OR_NETWORKSTATUS;
    }
  }

  /* We no longer need a router with this descriptor digest. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(networkstatus_v2_list, networkstatus_v2_t *, ns,
  {
    routerstatus_t *rs =
      networkstatus_v2_find_mutable_entry(ns, id_digest);
    if (rs && tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                      router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                      DIGEST_LEN))
      rs->need_to_mirror = 0;
  });
  if (consensus) {
    routerstatus_t *rs = networkstatus_vote_find_mutable_entry(
                                                     consensus, id_digest);
    if (rs && tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                      router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                      DIGEST_LEN)) {
      in_consensus = 1;
      rs->need_to_mirror = 0;
    }
  }

  if (router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL &&
      consensus && !in_consensus && !authdir) {
    /* If it's a general router not listed in the consensus, then don't
     * consider replacing the latest router with it. */
    if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
      signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                    &routerlist->desc_store);
    routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
    *msg = "Skipping router descriptor: not in consensus.";
    return ROUTER_NOT_IN_CONSENSUS;
  }

  /* If we're reading a bridge descriptor from our cache, and we don't
   * recognize it as one of our currently configured bridges, drop the
   * descriptor. Otherwise we could end up using it as one of our entry
   * guards even if it isn't in our Bridge config lines. */
  if (router->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE && from_cache &&
      !authdir_mode_bridge(options) &&
      !routerinfo_is_a_configured_bridge(router)) {
    log_info(LD_DIR, "Dropping bridge descriptor for %s because we have "
             "no bridge configured at that address.",
             safe_str_client(router_describe(router)));
    *msg = "Router descriptor was not a configured bridge.";
    routerinfo_free(router);
    return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_WANTED;
  }

  /* If we have a router with the same identity key, choose the newer one. */
  if (old_router) {
    if (!in_consensus && (router->cache_info.published_on <=
                          old_router->cache_info.published_on)) {
      /* Same key, but old.  This one is not listed in the consensus. */
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "Not-new descriptor for router %s",
                router_describe(router));
      /* Only journal this desc if we'll be serving it. */
      if (!from_cache && should_cache_old_descriptors())
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      routerlist_insert_old(routerlist, router);
      *msg = "Router descriptor was not new.";
      return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW;
    } else {
      /* Same key, and either new, or listed in the consensus. */
      log_debug(LD_DIR, "Replacing entry for router %s",
                router_describe(router));
      routerlist_replace(routerlist, old_router, router);
      if (!from_cache) {
        signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                      &routerlist->desc_store);
      }
      directory_set_dirty();
      *msg = authdir_believes_valid ? "Valid server updated" :
        ("Invalid server updated. (This dirserver is marking your "
         "server as unapproved.)");
      return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
    }
  }

  if (!in_consensus && from_cache &&
      router->cache_info.published_on < time(NULL) - OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE) {
    *msg = "Router descriptor was really old.";
    routerinfo_free(router);
    return ROUTER_WAS_NOT_NEW;
  }

  /* We haven't seen a router with this identity before. Add it to the end of
   * the list. */
  routerlist_insert(routerlist, router);
  if (!from_cache) {
    signed_desc_append_to_journal(&router->cache_info,
                                  &routerlist->desc_store);
  }
  directory_set_dirty();
  return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
}

/** Insert <b>ei</b> into the routerlist, or free it. Other arguments are
 * as for router_add_to_routerlist().  Return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY iff
 * we actually inserted it, ROUTER_BAD_EI otherwise.
 */
was_router_added_t
router_add_extrainfo_to_routerlist(extrainfo_t *ei, const char **msg,
                                   int from_cache, int from_fetch)
{
  int inserted;
  (void)from_fetch;
  if (msg) *msg = NULL;
  /*XXXX023 Do something with msg */

  inserted = extrainfo_insert(router_get_routerlist(), ei);

  if (inserted && !from_cache)
    signed_desc_append_to_journal(&ei->cache_info,
                                  &routerlist->extrainfo_store);

  if (inserted)
    return ROUTER_ADDED_SUCCESSFULLY;
  else
    return ROUTER_BAD_EI;
}

/** Sorting helper: return &lt;0, 0, or &gt;0 depending on whether the
 * signed_descriptor_t* in *<b>a</b> has an identity digest preceding, equal
 * to, or later than that of *<b>b</b>. */
static int
compare_old_routers_by_identity_(const void **_a, const void **_b)
{
  int i;
  const signed_descriptor_t *r1 = *_a, *r2 = *_b;
  if ((i = fast_memcmp(r1->identity_digest, r2->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)))
    return i;
  return (int)(r1->published_on - r2->published_on);
}

/** Internal type used to represent how long an old descriptor was valid,
 * where it appeared in the list of old descriptors, and whether it's extra
 * old. Used only by routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(). */
struct duration_idx_t {
  int duration;
  int idx;
  int old;
};

/** Sorting helper: compare two duration_idx_t by their duration. */
static int
compare_duration_idx_(const void *_d1, const void *_d2)
{
  const struct duration_idx_t *d1 = _d1;
  const struct duration_idx_t *d2 = _d2;
  return d1->duration - d2->duration;
}

/** The range <b>lo</b> through <b>hi</b> inclusive of routerlist->old_routers
 * must contain routerinfo_t with the same identity and with publication time
 * in ascending order.  Remove members from this range until there are no more
 * than max_descriptors_per_router() remaining.  Start by removing the oldest
 * members from before <b>cutoff</b>, then remove members which were current
 * for the lowest amount of time.  The order of members of old_routers at
 * indices <b>lo</b> or higher may be changed.
 */
static void
routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(time_t now,
                                             time_t cutoff, int lo, int hi,
                                             digestset_t *retain)
{
  int i, n = hi-lo+1;
  unsigned n_extra, n_rmv = 0;
  struct duration_idx_t *lifespans;
  uint8_t *rmv, *must_keep;
  smartlist_t *lst = routerlist->old_routers;
#if 1
  const char *ident;
  tor_assert(hi < smartlist_len(lst));
  tor_assert(lo <= hi);
  ident = ((signed_descriptor_t*)smartlist_get(lst, lo))->identity_digest;
  for (i = lo+1; i <= hi; ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(lst, i);
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(ident, r->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
  }
#endif
  /* Check whether we need to do anything at all. */
  {
    int mdpr = directory_caches_dir_info(get_options()) ? 2 : 1;
    if (n <= mdpr)
      return;
    n_extra = n - mdpr;
  }

  lifespans = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(struct duration_idx_t)*n);
  rmv = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(uint8_t)*n);
  must_keep = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(uint8_t)*n);
  /* Set lifespans to contain the lifespan and index of each server. */
  /* Set rmv[i-lo]=1 if we're going to remove a server for being too old. */
  for (i = lo; i <= hi; ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(lst, i);
    signed_descriptor_t *r_next;
    lifespans[i-lo].idx = i;
    if (r->last_listed_as_valid_until >= now ||
        (retain && digestset_contains(retain, r->signed_descriptor_digest))) {
      must_keep[i-lo] = 1;
    }
    if (i < hi) {
      r_next = smartlist_get(lst, i+1);
      tor_assert(r->published_on <= r_next->published_on);
      lifespans[i-lo].duration = (int)(r_next->published_on - r->published_on);
    } else {
      r_next = NULL;
      lifespans[i-lo].duration = INT_MAX;
    }
    if (!must_keep[i-lo] && r->published_on < cutoff && n_rmv < n_extra) {
      ++n_rmv;
      lifespans[i-lo].old = 1;
      rmv[i-lo] = 1;
    }
  }

  if (n_rmv < n_extra) {
    /**
     * We aren't removing enough servers for being old.  Sort lifespans by
     * the duration of liveness, and remove the ones we're not already going to
     * remove based on how long they were alive.
     **/
    qsort(lifespans, n, sizeof(struct duration_idx_t), compare_duration_idx_);
    for (i = 0; i < n && n_rmv < n_extra; ++i) {
      if (!must_keep[lifespans[i].idx-lo] && !lifespans[i].old) {
        rmv[lifespans[i].idx-lo] = 1;
        ++n_rmv;
      }
    }
  }

  i = hi;
  do {
    if (rmv[i-lo])
      routerlist_remove_old(routerlist, smartlist_get(lst, i), i);
  } while (--i >= lo);
  tor_free(must_keep);
  tor_free(rmv);
  tor_free(lifespans);
}

/** Deactivate any routers from the routerlist that are more than
 * ROUTER_MAX_AGE seconds old and not recommended by any networkstatuses;
 * remove old routers from the list of cached routers if we have too many.
 */
void
routerlist_remove_old_routers(void)
{
  int i, hi=-1;
  const char *cur_id = NULL;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  time_t cutoff;
  routerinfo_t *router;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd;
  digestset_t *retain;
  int caches = directory_caches_dir_info(get_options());
  const networkstatus_t *consensus = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus();
  const smartlist_t *networkstatus_v2_list = networkstatus_get_v2_list();
  int have_enough_v2;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();

  trusted_dirs_remove_old_certs();

  if (!routerlist || !consensus)
    return;

  // routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  /* We need to guess how many router descriptors we will wind up wanting to
     retain, so that we can be sure to allocate a large enough Bloom filter
     to hold the digest set.  Overestimating is fine; underestimating is bad.
  */
  {
    /* We'll probably retain everything in the consensus. */
    int n_max_retain = smartlist_len(consensus->routerstatus_list);
    if (caches && networkstatus_v2_list) {
      /* If we care about v2 statuses, we'll retain at most as many as are
         listed any of the v2 statues.  This will be at least the length of
         the largest v2 networkstatus, and in the worst case, this set will be
         equal to the sum of the lengths of all v2 consensuses.  Take the
         worst case.
      */
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH(networkstatus_v2_list, networkstatus_v2_t *, ns,
                        n_max_retain += smartlist_len(ns->entries));
    }
    retain = digestset_new(n_max_retain);
  }

  cutoff = now - OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE;
  /* Build a list of all the descriptors that _anybody_ lists. */
  if (caches && networkstatus_v2_list) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(networkstatus_v2_list, networkstatus_v2_t *, ns) {
      /* XXXX The inner loop here gets pretty expensive, and actually shows up
       * on some profiles.  It may be the reason digestmap_set shows up in
       * profiles too.  If instead we kept a per-descriptor digest count of
       * how many networkstatuses recommended each descriptor, and changed
       * that only when the networkstatuses changed, that would be a speed
       * improvement, possibly 1-4% if it also removes digestmap_set from the
       * profile.  Not worth it for 0.1.2.x, though.  The new directory
       * system will obsolete this whole thing in 0.2.0.x. */
      SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(ns->entries, routerstatus_t *, rs) {
        if (rs->published_on >= cutoff)
          digestset_add(retain, rs->descriptor_digest);
      } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(rs);
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ns);
  }

  /* Retain anything listed in the consensus. */
  if (consensus) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(consensus->routerstatus_list, routerstatus_t *, rs,
        if (rs->published_on >= cutoff)
          digestset_add(retain, rs->descriptor_digest));
  }

  /* If we have a consensus, and nearly as many v2 networkstatuses as we want,
   * we should consider pruning current routers that are too old and that
   * nobody recommends.  (If we don't have a consensus or enough v2
   * networkstatuses, then we should get more before we decide to kill
   * routers.) */
  /* we set this to true iff we don't care about v2 info, or we have enough. */
  have_enough_v2 = !caches ||
    !(authdir_mode_any_main(options) || options->FetchV2Networkstatus) ||
    (networkstatus_v2_list &&
     smartlist_len(networkstatus_v2_list) > get_n_v2_authorities() / 2);

  if (have_enough_v2 && consensus) {
    cutoff = now - ROUTER_MAX_AGE;
    /* Remove too-old unrecommended members of routerlist->routers. */
    for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->routers); ++i) {
      router = smartlist_get(routerlist->routers, i);
      if (router->cache_info.published_on <= cutoff &&
          router->cache_info.last_listed_as_valid_until < now &&
          !digestset_contains(retain,
                          router->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest)) {
        /* Too old: remove it.  (If we're a cache, just move it into
         * old_routers.) */
        log_info(LD_DIR,
                 "Forgetting obsolete (too old) routerinfo for router %s",
                 router_describe(router));
        routerlist_remove(routerlist, router, 1, now);
        i--;
      }
    }
  }

  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  /* Remove far-too-old members of routerlist->old_routers. */
  cutoff = now - OLD_ROUTER_DESC_MAX_AGE;
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers); ++i) {
    sd = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    if (sd->published_on <= cutoff &&
        sd->last_listed_as_valid_until < now &&
        !digestset_contains(retain, sd->signed_descriptor_digest)) {
      /* Too old.  Remove it. */
      routerlist_remove_old(routerlist, sd, i--);
    }
  }

  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "We have %d live routers and %d old router descriptors.",
           smartlist_len(routerlist->routers),
           smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers));

  /* Now we might have to look at routerlist->old_routers for extraneous
   * members. (We'd keep all the members if we could, but we need to save
   * space.) First, check whether we have too many router descriptors, total.
   * We're okay with having too many for some given router, so long as the
   * total number doesn't approach max_descriptors_per_router()*len(router).
   */
  if (smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers) <
      smartlist_len(routerlist->routers))
    goto done;

  /* Sort by identity, then fix indices. */
  smartlist_sort(routerlist->old_routers, compare_old_routers_by_identity_);
  /* Fix indices. */
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers); ++i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    r->routerlist_index = i;
  }

  /* Iterate through the list from back to front, so when we remove descriptors
   * we don't mess up groups we haven't gotten to. */
  for (i = smartlist_len(routerlist->old_routers)-1; i >= 0; --i) {
    signed_descriptor_t *r = smartlist_get(routerlist->old_routers, i);
    if (!cur_id) {
      cur_id = r->identity_digest;
      hi = i;
    }
    if (tor_memneq(cur_id, r->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(now,
                                                   cutoff, i+1, hi, retain);
      cur_id = r->identity_digest;
      hi = i;
    }
  }
  if (hi>=0)
    routerlist_remove_old_cached_routers_with_id(now, cutoff, 0, hi, retain);
  //routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

 done:
  digestset_free(retain);
  router_rebuild_store(RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD, &routerlist->desc_store);
  router_rebuild_store(RRS_DONT_REMOVE_OLD,&routerlist->extrainfo_store);
}

/** We just added a new set of descriptors. Take whatever extra steps
 * we need. */
void
routerlist_descriptors_added(smartlist_t *sl, int from_cache)
{
  tor_assert(sl);
  control_event_descriptors_changed(sl);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(sl, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    if (ri->purpose == ROUTER_PURPOSE_BRIDGE)
      learned_bridge_descriptor(ri, from_cache);
    if (ri->needs_retest_if_added) {
      ri->needs_retest_if_added = 0;
      dirserv_single_reachability_test(approx_time(), ri);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);
}

/**
 * Code to parse a single router descriptor and insert it into the
 * routerlist.  Return -1 if the descriptor was ill-formed; 0 if the
 * descriptor was well-formed but could not be added; and 1 if the
 * descriptor was added.
 *
 * If we don't add it and <b>msg</b> is not NULL, then assign to
 * *<b>msg</b> a static string describing the reason for refusing the
 * descriptor.
 *
 * This is used only by the controller.
 */
int
router_load_single_router(const char *s, uint8_t purpose, int cache,
                          const char **msg)
{
  routerinfo_t *ri;
  was_router_added_t r;
  smartlist_t *lst;
  char annotation_buf[ROUTER_ANNOTATION_BUF_LEN];
  tor_assert(msg);
  *msg = NULL;

  tor_snprintf(annotation_buf, sizeof(annotation_buf),
               "@source controller\n"
               "@purpose %s\n", router_purpose_to_string(purpose));

  if (!(ri = router_parse_entry_from_string(s, NULL, 1, 0, annotation_buf))) {
    log_warn(LD_DIR, "Error parsing router descriptor; dropping.");
    *msg = "Couldn't parse router descriptor.";
    return -1;
  }
  tor_assert(ri->purpose == purpose);
  if (router_is_me(ri)) {
    log_warn(LD_DIR, "Router's identity key matches mine; dropping.");
    *msg = "Router's identity key matches mine.";
    routerinfo_free(ri);
    return 0;
  }

  if (!cache) /* obey the preference of the controller */
    ri->cache_info.do_not_cache = 1;

  lst = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_add(lst, ri);
  routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus(lst, 0);

  r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, msg, 0, 0);
  if (!WRA_WAS_ADDED(r)) {
    /* we've already assigned to *msg now, and ri is already freed */
    tor_assert(*msg);
    if (r == ROUTER_AUTHDIR_REJECTS)
      log_warn(LD_DIR, "Couldn't add router to list: %s Dropping.", *msg);
    smartlist_free(lst);
    return 0;
  } else {
    routerlist_descriptors_added(lst, 0);
    smartlist_free(lst);
    log_debug(LD_DIR, "Added router to list");
    return 1;
  }
}

/** Given a string <b>s</b> containing some routerdescs, parse it and put the
 * routers into our directory.  If saved_location is SAVED_NOWHERE, the routers
 * are in response to a query to the network: cache them by adding them to
 * the journal.
 *
 * Return the number of routers actually added.
 *
 * If <b>requested_fingerprints</b> is provided, it must contain a list of
 * uppercased fingerprints.  Do not update any router whose
 * fingerprint is not on the list; after updating a router, remove its
 * fingerprint from the list.
 *
 * If <b>descriptor_digests</b> is non-zero, then the requested_fingerprints
 * are descriptor digests. Otherwise they are identity digests.
 */
int
router_load_routers_from_string(const char *s, const char *eos,
                                saved_location_t saved_location,
                                smartlist_t *requested_fingerprints,
                                int descriptor_digests,
                                const char *prepend_annotations)
{
  smartlist_t *routers = smartlist_new(), *changed = smartlist_new();
  char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
  const char *msg;
  int from_cache = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);
  int allow_annotations = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);
  int any_changed = 0;

  router_parse_list_from_string(&s, eos, routers, saved_location, 0,
                                allow_annotations, prepend_annotations);

  routers_update_status_from_consensus_networkstatus(routers, !from_cache);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "%d elements to add", smartlist_len(routers));

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(routers, routerinfo_t *, ri) {
    was_router_added_t r;
    char d[DIGEST_LEN];
    if (requested_fingerprints) {
      base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), descriptor_digests ?
                      ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest :
                      ri->cache_info.identity_digest,
                    DIGEST_LEN);
      if (smartlist_contains_string(requested_fingerprints, fp)) {
        smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
      } else {
        char *requested =
          smartlist_join_strings(requested_fingerprints," ",0,NULL);
        log_warn(LD_DIR,
                 "We received a router descriptor with a fingerprint (%s) "
                 "that we never requested. (We asked for: %s.) Dropping.",
                 fp, requested);
        tor_free(requested);
        routerinfo_free(ri);
        continue;
      }
    }

    memcpy(d, ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, &msg, from_cache, !from_cache);
    if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(r)) {
      any_changed++;
      smartlist_add(changed, ri);
      routerlist_descriptors_added(changed, from_cache);
      smartlist_clear(changed);
    } else if (WRA_WAS_REJECTED(r)) {
      download_status_t *dl_status;
      dl_status = router_get_dl_status_by_descriptor_digest(d);
      if (dl_status) {
        log_info(LD_GENERAL, "Marking router %s as never downloadable",
                 hex_str(d, DIGEST_LEN));
        download_status_mark_impossible(dl_status);
      }
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ri);

  routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);

  if (any_changed)
    router_rebuild_store(0, &routerlist->desc_store);

  smartlist_free(routers);
  smartlist_free(changed);

  return any_changed;
}

/** Parse one or more extrainfos from <b>s</b> (ending immediately before
 * <b>eos</b> if <b>eos</b> is present).  Other arguments are as for
 * router_load_routers_from_string(). */
void
router_load_extrainfo_from_string(const char *s, const char *eos,
                                  saved_location_t saved_location,
                                  smartlist_t *requested_fingerprints,
                                  int descriptor_digests)
{
  smartlist_t *extrainfo_list = smartlist_new();
  const char *msg;
  int from_cache = (saved_location != SAVED_NOWHERE);

  router_parse_list_from_string(&s, eos, extrainfo_list, saved_location, 1, 0,
                                NULL);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "%d elements to add", smartlist_len(extrainfo_list));

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(extrainfo_list, extrainfo_t *, ei) {
      was_router_added_t added =
        router_add_extrainfo_to_routerlist(ei, &msg, from_cache, !from_cache);
      if (WRA_WAS_ADDED(added) && requested_fingerprints) {
        char fp[HEX_DIGEST_LEN+1];
        base16_encode(fp, sizeof(fp), descriptor_digests ?
                        ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest :
                        ei->cache_info.identity_digest,
                      DIGEST_LEN);
        smartlist_string_remove(requested_fingerprints, fp);
        /* We silently let people stuff us with extrainfos we didn't ask for,
         * so long as we would have wanted them anyway.  Since we always fetch
         * all the extrainfos we want, and we never actually act on them
         * inside Tor, this should be harmless. */
      }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ei);

  routerlist_assert_ok(routerlist);
  router_rebuild_store(0, &router_get_routerlist()->extrainfo_store);

  smartlist_free(extrainfo_list);
}

/** Return true iff any networkstatus includes a descriptor whose digest
 * is that of <b>desc</b>. */
static int
signed_desc_digest_is_recognized(signed_descriptor_t *desc)
{
  const routerstatus_t *rs;
  networkstatus_t *consensus = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus();
  int caches = directory_caches_dir_info(get_options());
  const smartlist_t *networkstatus_v2_list = networkstatus_get_v2_list();

  if (consensus) {
    rs = networkstatus_vote_find_entry(consensus, desc->identity_digest);
    if (rs && tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                      desc->signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
      return 1;
  }
  if (caches && networkstatus_v2_list) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(networkstatus_v2_list, networkstatus_v2_t *, ns,
    {
      if (!(rs = networkstatus_v2_find_entry(ns, desc->identity_digest)))
        continue;
      if (tor_memeq(rs->descriptor_digest,
                  desc->signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN))
        return 1;
    });
  }
  return 0;
}

/** Update downloads for router descriptors and/or microdescriptors as
 * appropriate. */
void
update_all_descriptor_downloads(time_t now)
{
  if (get_options()->DisableNetwork)
    return;
  update_router_descriptor_downloads(now);
  update_microdesc_downloads(now);
  launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(now, get_options());
}

/** Clear all our timeouts for fetching v2 and v3 directory stuff, and then
 * give it all a try again. */
void
routerlist_retry_directory_downloads(time_t now)
{
  router_reset_status_download_failures();
  router_reset_descriptor_download_failures();
  if (get_options()->DisableNetwork)
    return;
  update_networkstatus_downloads(now);
  update_all_descriptor_downloads(now);
}

/** Return true iff <b>router</b> does not permit exit streams.
 */
int
router_exit_policy_rejects_all(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  return router->policy_is_reject_star;
}

/** Create an directory server at <b>address</b>:<b>port</b>, with OR identity
 * key <b>digest</b>.  If <b>address</b> is NULL, add ourself.  If
 * <b>is_authority</b>, this is a directory authority.  Return the new
 * directory server entry on success or NULL on failure. */
static dir_server_t *
dir_server_new(int is_authority,
               const char *nickname,
               const tor_addr_t *addr,
               const char *hostname,
               uint16_t dir_port, uint16_t or_port,
               const char *digest, const char *v3_auth_digest,
               dirinfo_type_t type,
               double weight)
{
  dir_server_t *ent;
  uint32_t a;
  char *hostname_ = NULL;

  if (weight < 0)
    return NULL;

  if (tor_addr_family(addr) == AF_INET)
    a = tor_addr_to_ipv4h(addr);
  else
    return NULL; /*XXXX Support IPv6 */

  if (!hostname)
    hostname_ = tor_dup_addr(addr);
  else
    hostname_ = tor_strdup(hostname);

  ent = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(dir_server_t));
  ent->nickname = nickname ? tor_strdup(nickname) : NULL;
  ent->address = hostname_;
  ent->addr = a;
  ent->dir_port = dir_port;
  ent->or_port = or_port;
  ent->is_running = 1;
  ent->is_authority = is_authority;
  ent->type = type;
  ent->weight = weight;
  memcpy(ent->digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  if (v3_auth_digest && (type & V3_DIRINFO))
    memcpy(ent->v3_identity_digest, v3_auth_digest, DIGEST_LEN);

  if (nickname)
    tor_asprintf(&ent->description, "directory server \"%s\" at %s:%d",
                 nickname, hostname, (int)dir_port);
  else
    tor_asprintf(&ent->description, "directory server at %s:%d",
                 hostname, (int)dir_port);

  ent->fake_status.addr = ent->addr;
  memcpy(ent->fake_status.identity_digest, digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  if (nickname)
    strlcpy(ent->fake_status.nickname, nickname,
            sizeof(ent->fake_status.nickname));
  else
    ent->fake_status.nickname[0] = '\0';
  ent->fake_status.dir_port = ent->dir_port;
  ent->fake_status.or_port = ent->or_port;

  return ent;
}

/** Create an authoritative directory server at
 * <b>address</b>:<b>port</b>, with identity key <b>digest</b>.  If
 * <b>address</b> is NULL, add ourself.  Return the new trusted directory
 * server entry on success or NULL if we couldn't add it. */
dir_server_t *
trusted_dir_server_new(const char *nickname, const char *address,
                       uint16_t dir_port, uint16_t or_port,
                       const char *digest, const char *v3_auth_digest,
                       dirinfo_type_t type, double weight)
{
  uint32_t a;
  tor_addr_t addr;
  char *hostname=NULL;
  dir_server_t *result;

  if (!address) { /* The address is us; we should guess. */
    if (resolve_my_address(LOG_WARN, get_options(),
                           &a, NULL, &hostname) < 0) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG,
               "Couldn't find a suitable address when adding ourself as a "
               "trusted directory server.");
      return NULL;
    }
    if (!hostname)
      hostname = tor_dup_ip(a);
  } else {
    if (tor_lookup_hostname(address, &a)) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG,
               "Unable to lookup address for directory server at '%s'",
               address);
      return NULL;
    }
    hostname = tor_strdup(address);
  }
  tor_addr_from_ipv4h(&addr, a);

  result = dir_server_new(1, nickname, &addr, hostname,
                          dir_port, or_port, digest,
                          v3_auth_digest, type, weight);
  tor_free(hostname);
  return result;
}

/** Return a new dir_server_t for a fallback directory server at
 * <b>addr</b>:<b>or_port</b>/<b>dir_port</b>, with identity key digest
 * <b>id_digest</b> */
dir_server_t *
fallback_dir_server_new(const tor_addr_t *addr,
                        uint16_t dir_port, uint16_t or_port,
                        const char *id_digest, double weight)
{
  return dir_server_new(0, NULL, addr, NULL, dir_port, or_port, id_digest,
                        NULL, ALL_DIRINFO, weight);
}

/** Add a directory server to the global list(s). */
void
dir_server_add(dir_server_t *ent)
{
  if (!trusted_dir_servers)
    trusted_dir_servers = smartlist_new();
  if (!fallback_dir_servers)
    fallback_dir_servers = smartlist_new();

  if (ent->is_authority)
    smartlist_add(trusted_dir_servers, ent);

  smartlist_add(fallback_dir_servers, ent);
  router_dir_info_changed();
}

/** Free storage held in <b>cert</b>. */
void
authority_cert_free(authority_cert_t *cert)
{
  if (!cert)
    return;

  tor_free(cert->cache_info.signed_descriptor_body);
  crypto_pk_free(cert->signing_key);
  crypto_pk_free(cert->identity_key);

  tor_free(cert);
}

/** Free storage held in <b>ds</b>. */
static void
dir_server_free(dir_server_t *ds)
{
  if (!ds)
    return;

  tor_free(ds->nickname);
  tor_free(ds->description);
  tor_free(ds->address);
  tor_free(ds);
}

/** Remove all members from the list of dir servers. */
void
clear_dir_servers(void)
{
  if (fallback_dir_servers) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(fallback_dir_servers, dir_server_t *, ent,
                      dir_server_free(ent));
    smartlist_clear(fallback_dir_servers);
  } else {
    fallback_dir_servers = smartlist_new();
  }
  if (trusted_dir_servers) {
    smartlist_clear(trusted_dir_servers);
  } else {
    trusted_dir_servers = smartlist_new();
  }
  router_dir_info_changed();
}

/** Return 1 if any trusted dir server supports v1 directories,
 * else return 0. */
int
any_trusted_dir_is_v1_authority(void)
{
  if (trusted_dir_servers)
    return get_n_authorities(V1_DIRINFO) > 0;

  return 0;
}

/** For every current directory connection whose purpose is <b>purpose</b>,
 * and where the resource being downloaded begins with <b>prefix</b>, split
 * rest of the resource into base16 fingerprints (or base64 fingerprints if
 * purpose==DIR_PURPPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC), decode them, and set the
 * corresponding elements of <b>result</b> to a nonzero value.
 */
static void
list_pending_downloads(digestmap_t *result,
                       int purpose, const char *prefix)
{
  const size_t p_len = strlen(prefix);
  smartlist_t *tmp = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_t *conns = get_connection_array();
  int flags = DSR_HEX;
  if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC)
    flags = DSR_DIGEST256|DSR_BASE64;

  tor_assert(result);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(conns, connection_t *, conn) {
    if (conn->type == CONN_TYPE_DIR &&
        conn->purpose == purpose &&
        !conn->marked_for_close) {
      const char *resource = TO_DIR_CONN(conn)->requested_resource;
      if (!strcmpstart(resource, prefix))
        dir_split_resource_into_fingerprints(resource + p_len,
                                             tmp, NULL, flags);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(conn);

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(tmp, char *, d,
                    {
                      digestmap_set(result, d, (void*)1);
                      tor_free(d);
                    });
  smartlist_free(tmp);
}

/** For every router descriptor (or extra-info document if <b>extrainfo</b> is
 * true) we are currently downloading by descriptor digest, set result[d] to
 * (void*)1. */
static void
list_pending_descriptor_downloads(digestmap_t *result, int extrainfo)
{
  int purpose =
    extrainfo ? DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO : DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC;
  list_pending_downloads(result, purpose, "d/");
}

/** For every microdescriptor we are currently downloading by descriptor
 * digest, set result[d] to (void*)1.   (Note that microdescriptor digests
 * are 256-bit, and digestmap_t only holds 160-bit digests, so we're only
 * getting the first 20 bytes of each digest here.)
 *
 * XXXX Let there be a digestmap256_t, and use that instead.
 */
void
list_pending_microdesc_downloads(digestmap_t *result)
{
  list_pending_downloads(result, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC, "d/");
}

/** Launch downloads for all the descriptors whose digests or digests256
 * are listed as digests[i] for lo <= i < hi.  (Lo and hi may be out of
 * range.)  If <b>source</b> is given, download from <b>source</b>;
 * otherwise, download from an appropriate random directory server.
 */
static void
initiate_descriptor_downloads(const routerstatus_t *source,
                              int purpose,
                              smartlist_t *digests,
                              int lo, int hi, int pds_flags)
{
  int i, n = hi-lo;
  char *resource, *cp;
  size_t r_len;

  int digest_len = DIGEST_LEN, enc_digest_len = HEX_DIGEST_LEN;
  char sep = '+';
  int b64_256 = 0;

  if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC) {
    /* Microdescriptors are downloaded by "-"-separated base64-encoded
     * 256-bit digests. */
    digest_len = DIGEST256_LEN;
    enc_digest_len = BASE64_DIGEST256_LEN;
    sep = '-';
    b64_256 = 1;
  }

  if (n <= 0)
    return;
  if (lo < 0)
    lo = 0;
  if (hi > smartlist_len(digests))
    hi = smartlist_len(digests);

  r_len = 8 + (enc_digest_len+1)*n;
  cp = resource = tor_malloc(r_len);
  memcpy(cp, "d/", 2);
  cp += 2;
  for (i = lo; i < hi; ++i) {
    if (b64_256) {
      digest256_to_base64(cp, smartlist_get(digests, i));
    } else {
      base16_encode(cp, r_len-(cp-resource),
                    smartlist_get(digests,i), digest_len);
    }
    cp += enc_digest_len;
    *cp++ = sep;
  }
  memcpy(cp-1, ".z", 3);

  if (source) {
    /* We know which authority we want. */
    directory_initiate_command_routerstatus(source, purpose,
                                            ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL,
                                            DIRIND_ONEHOP,
                                            resource, NULL, 0, 0);
  } else {
    directory_get_from_dirserver(purpose, ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL, resource,
                                 pds_flags);
  }
  tor_free(resource);
}

/** Max amount of hashes to download per request.
 * Since squid does not like URLs >= 4096 bytes we limit it to 96.
 *   4096 - strlen(http://255.255.255.255/tor/server/d/.z) == 4058
 *   4058/41 (40 for the hash and 1 for the + that separates them) => 98
 *   So use 96 because it's a nice number.
 */
#define MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST 96
#define MAX_MICRODESC_DL_PER_REQUEST 92
/** Don't split our requests so finely that we are requesting fewer than
 * this number per server. */
#define MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST 4
/** To prevent a single screwy cache from confusing us by selective reply,
 * try to split our requests into at least this many requests. */
#define MIN_REQUESTS 3
/** If we want fewer than this many descriptors, wait until we
 * want more, or until MAX_CLIENT_INTERVAL_WITHOUT_REQUEST has
 * passed. */
#define MAX_DL_TO_DELAY 16
/** When directory clients have only a few servers to request, they batch
 * them until they have more, or until this amount of time has passed. */
#define MAX_CLIENT_INTERVAL_WITHOUT_REQUEST (10*60)

/** Given a <b>purpose</b> (FETCH_MICRODESC or FETCH_SERVERDESC) and a list of
 * router descriptor digests or microdescriptor digest256s in
 * <b>downloadable</b>, decide whether to delay fetching until we have more.
 * If we don't want to delay, launch one or more requests to the appropriate
 * directory authorities.
 */
void
launch_descriptor_downloads(int purpose,
                            smartlist_t *downloadable,
                            const routerstatus_t *source, time_t now)
{
  int should_delay = 0, n_downloadable;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  const char *descname;

  tor_assert(purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC ||
             purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC);

  descname = (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC) ?
    "routerdesc" : "microdesc";

  n_downloadable = smartlist_len(downloadable);
  if (!directory_fetches_dir_info_early(options)) {
    if (n_downloadable >= MAX_DL_TO_DELAY) {
      log_debug(LD_DIR,
                "There are enough downloadable %ss to launch requests.",
                descname);
      should_delay = 0;
    } else {
      should_delay = (last_descriptor_download_attempted +
                      MAX_CLIENT_INTERVAL_WITHOUT_REQUEST) > now;
      if (!should_delay && n_downloadable) {
        if (last_descriptor_download_attempted) {
          log_info(LD_DIR,
                   "There are not many downloadable %ss, but we've "
                   "been waiting long enough (%d seconds). Downloading.",
                   descname,
                   (int)(now-last_descriptor_download_attempted));
        } else {
          log_info(LD_DIR,
                   "There are not many downloadable %ss, but we haven't "
                   "tried downloading descriptors recently. Downloading.",
                   descname);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (! should_delay && n_downloadable) {
    int i, n_per_request;
    const char *req_plural = "", *rtr_plural = "";
    int pds_flags = PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS;
    if (! authdir_mode_any_nonhidserv(options)) {
      /* If we wind up going to the authorities, we want to only open one
       * connection to each authority at a time, so that we don't overload
       * them.  We do this by setting PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH
       * regardless of whether we're a cache or not; it gets ignored if we're
       * not calling router_pick_trusteddirserver.
       *
       * Setting this flag can make initiate_descriptor_downloads() ignore
       * requests.  We need to make sure that we do in fact call
       * update_router_descriptor_downloads() later on, once the connections
       * have succeeded or failed.
       */
      pds_flags |= (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC) ?
        PDS_NO_EXISTING_MICRODESC_FETCH :
        PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH;
    }

    n_per_request = CEIL_DIV(n_downloadable, MIN_REQUESTS);
    if (purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_MICRODESC) {
      if (n_per_request > MAX_MICRODESC_DL_PER_REQUEST)
        n_per_request = MAX_MICRODESC_DL_PER_REQUEST;
    } else {
      if (n_per_request > MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST)
        n_per_request = MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST;
    }
    if (n_per_request < MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST)
      n_per_request = MIN_DL_PER_REQUEST;

    if (n_downloadable > n_per_request)
      req_plural = rtr_plural = "s";
    else if (n_downloadable > 1)
      rtr_plural = "s";

    log_info(LD_DIR,
             "Launching %d request%s for %d %s%s, %d at a time",
             CEIL_DIV(n_downloadable, n_per_request), req_plural,
             n_downloadable, descname, rtr_plural, n_per_request);
    smartlist_sort_digests(downloadable);
    for (i=0; i < n_downloadable; i += n_per_request) {
      initiate_descriptor_downloads(source, purpose,
                                    downloadable, i, i+n_per_request,
                                    pds_flags);
    }
    last_descriptor_download_attempted = now;
  }
}

/** Launch downloads for router status as needed, using the strategy used by
 * authorities and caches: based on the v2 networkstatuses we have, download
 * every descriptor we don't have but would serve, from a random authority
 * that lists it. */
static void
update_router_descriptor_cache_downloads_v2(time_t now)
{
  smartlist_t **downloadable; /* For each authority, what can we dl from it? */
  smartlist_t **download_from; /*          ... and, what will we dl from it? */
  digestmap_t *map; /* Which descs are in progress, or assigned? */
  int i, j, n;
  int n_download;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  const smartlist_t *networkstatus_v2_list = networkstatus_get_v2_list();

  if (! directory_fetches_dir_info_early(options)) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Called update_router_descriptor_cache_downloads_v2() "
             "on a non-dir-mirror?");
  }

  if (!networkstatus_v2_list || !smartlist_len(networkstatus_v2_list))
    return;

  map = digestmap_new();
  n = smartlist_len(networkstatus_v2_list);

  downloadable = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(smartlist_t*) * n);
  download_from = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(smartlist_t*) * n);

  /* Set map[d]=1 for the digest of every descriptor that we are currently
   * downloading. */
  list_pending_descriptor_downloads(map, 0);

  /* For the digest of every descriptor that we don't have, and that we aren't
   * downloading, add d to downloadable[i] if the i'th networkstatus knows
   * about that descriptor, and we haven't already failed to get that
   * descriptor from the corresponding authority.
   */
  n_download = 0;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(networkstatus_v2_list, networkstatus_v2_t *, ns) {
      dir_server_t *ds;
      smartlist_t *dl;
      dl = downloadable[ns_sl_idx] = smartlist_new();
      download_from[ns_sl_idx] = smartlist_new();
      if (ns->published_on + MAX_NETWORKSTATUS_AGE+10*60 < now) {
        /* Don't download if the networkstatus is almost ancient. */
        /* Actually, I suspect what's happening here is that we ask
         * for the descriptor when we have a given networkstatus,
         * and then we get a newer networkstatus, and then we receive
         * the descriptor. Having a networkstatus actually expire is
         * probably a rare event, and we'll probably be happiest if
         * we take this clause out. -RD */
        continue;
      }

      /* Don't try dirservers that we think are down -- we might have
       * just tried them and just marked them as down. */
      ds = router_get_trusteddirserver_by_digest(ns->identity_digest);
      if (ds && !ds->is_running)
        continue;

      SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(ns->entries, routerstatus_t * , rs) {
          if (!rs->need_to_mirror)
            continue;
          if (router_get_by_descriptor_digest(rs->descriptor_digest)) {
            log_warn(LD_BUG,
                     "We have a router descriptor, but need_to_mirror=1.");
            rs->need_to_mirror = 0;
            continue;
          }
          if (authdir_mode(options) && dirserv_would_reject_router(rs)) {
            rs->need_to_mirror = 0;
            continue;
          }
          if (digestmap_get(map, rs->descriptor_digest)) {
            /* We're downloading it already. */
            continue;
          } else {
            /* We could download it from this guy. */
            smartlist_add(dl, rs->descriptor_digest);
            ++n_download;
          }
      } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(rs);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(ns);

  /* At random, assign descriptors to authorities such that:
   * - if d is a member of some downloadable[x], d is a member of some
   *   download_from[y].  (Everything we want to download, we try to download
   *   from somebody.)
   * - If d is a member of download_from[y], d is a member of downloadable[y].
   *   (We only try to download descriptors from authorities who claim to have
   *   them.)
   * - No d is a member of download_from[x] and download_from[y] s.t. x != y.
   *   (We don't try to download anything from two authorities concurrently.)
   */
  while (n_download) {
    int which_ns = crypto_rand_int(n);
    smartlist_t *dl = downloadable[which_ns];
    int idx;
    char *d;
    if (!smartlist_len(dl))
      continue;
    idx = crypto_rand_int(smartlist_len(dl));
    d = smartlist_get(dl, idx);
    if (! digestmap_get(map, d)) {
      smartlist_add(download_from[which_ns], d);
      digestmap_set(map, d, (void*) 1);
    }
    smartlist_del(dl, idx);
    --n_download;
  }

  /* Now, we can actually launch our requests. */
  for (i=0; i<n; ++i) {
    networkstatus_v2_t *ns = smartlist_get(networkstatus_v2_list, i);
    dir_server_t *ds =
      router_get_trusteddirserver_by_digest(ns->identity_digest);
    smartlist_t *dl = download_from[i];
    int pds_flags = PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS;
    if (! authdir_mode_any_nonhidserv(options))
      pds_flags |= PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH; /* XXXX ignored*/

    if (!ds) {
      log_info(LD_DIR, "Networkstatus with no corresponding authority!");
      continue;
    }
    if (! smartlist_len(dl))
      continue;
    log_info(LD_DIR, "Requesting %d descriptors from authority \"%s\"",
             smartlist_len(dl), ds->nickname);
    for (j=0; j < smartlist_len(dl); j += MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST) {
      initiate_descriptor_downloads(&(ds->fake_status),
                                    DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC, dl, j,
                                    j+MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST, pds_flags);
    }
  }

  for (i=0; i<n; ++i) {
    smartlist_free(download_from[i]);
    smartlist_free(downloadable[i]);
  }
  tor_free(download_from);
  tor_free(downloadable);
  digestmap_free(map,NULL);
}

/** For any descriptor that we want that's currently listed in
 * <b>consensus</b>, download it as appropriate. */
void
update_consensus_router_descriptor_downloads(time_t now, int is_vote,
                                             networkstatus_t *consensus)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  digestmap_t *map = NULL;
  smartlist_t *no_longer_old = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_t *downloadable = smartlist_new();
  routerstatus_t *source = NULL;
  int authdir = authdir_mode(options);
  int n_delayed=0, n_have=0, n_would_reject=0, n_wouldnt_use=0,
    n_inprogress=0, n_in_oldrouters=0;

  if (directory_too_idle_to_fetch_descriptors(options, now))
    goto done;
  if (!consensus)
    goto done;

  if (is_vote) {
    /* where's it from, so we know whom to ask for descriptors */
    dir_server_t *ds;
    networkstatus_voter_info_t *voter = smartlist_get(consensus->voters, 0);
    tor_assert(voter);
    ds = trusteddirserver_get_by_v3_auth_digest(voter->identity_digest);
    if (ds)
      source = &(ds->fake_status);
    else
      log_warn(LD_DIR, "couldn't lookup source from vote?");
  }

  map = digestmap_new();
  list_pending_descriptor_downloads(map, 0);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(consensus->routerstatus_list, void *, rsp) {
      routerstatus_t *rs =
        is_vote ? &(((vote_routerstatus_t *)rsp)->status) : rsp;
      signed_descriptor_t *sd;
      if ((sd = router_get_by_descriptor_digest(rs->descriptor_digest))) {
        const routerinfo_t *ri;
        ++n_have;
        if (!(ri = router_get_by_id_digest(rs->identity_digest)) ||
            tor_memneq(ri->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                   sd->signed_descriptor_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
          /* We have a descriptor with this digest, but either there is no
           * entry in routerlist with the same ID (!ri), or there is one,
           * but the identity digest differs (memneq).
           */
          smartlist_add(no_longer_old, sd);
          ++n_in_oldrouters; /* We have it in old_routers. */
        }
        continue; /* We have it already. */
      }
      if (digestmap_get(map, rs->descriptor_digest)) {
        ++n_inprogress;
        continue; /* We have an in-progress download. */
      }
      if (!download_status_is_ready(&rs->dl_status, now,
                                    MAX_ROUTERDESC_DOWNLOAD_FAILURES)) {
        ++n_delayed; /* Not ready for retry. */
        continue;
      }
      if (authdir && dirserv_would_reject_router(rs)) {
        ++n_would_reject;
        continue; /* We would throw it out immediately. */
      }
      if (!directory_caches_dir_info(options) &&
          !client_would_use_router(rs, now, options)) {
        ++n_wouldnt_use;
        continue; /* We would never use it ourself. */
      }
      if (is_vote && source) {
        char time_bufnew[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
        char time_bufold[ISO_TIME_LEN+1];
        const routerinfo_t *oldrouter;
        oldrouter = router_get_by_id_digest(rs->identity_digest);
        format_iso_time(time_bufnew, rs->published_on);
        if (oldrouter)
          format_iso_time(time_bufold, oldrouter->cache_info.published_on);
        log_info(LD_DIR, "Learned about %s (%s vs %s) from %s's vote (%s)",
                 routerstatus_describe(rs),
                 time_bufnew,
                 oldrouter ? time_bufold : "none",
                 source->nickname, oldrouter ? "known" : "unknown");
      }
      smartlist_add(downloadable, rs->descriptor_digest);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(rsp);

  if (!authdir_mode_handles_descs(options, ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL)
      && smartlist_len(no_longer_old)) {
    routerlist_t *rl = router_get_routerlist();
    log_info(LD_DIR, "%d router descriptors listed in consensus are "
             "currently in old_routers; making them current.",
             smartlist_len(no_longer_old));
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(no_longer_old, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
        const char *msg;
        was_router_added_t r;
        routerinfo_t *ri = routerlist_reparse_old(rl, sd);
        if (!ri) {
          log_warn(LD_BUG, "Failed to re-parse a router.");
          continue;
        }
        r = router_add_to_routerlist(ri, &msg, 1, 0);
        if (WRA_WAS_OUTDATED(r)) {
          log_warn(LD_DIR, "Couldn't add re-parsed router: %s",
                   msg?msg:"???");
        }
    } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);
    routerlist_assert_ok(rl);
  }

  log_info(LD_DIR,
           "%d router descriptors downloadable. %d delayed; %d present "
           "(%d of those were in old_routers); %d would_reject; "
           "%d wouldnt_use; %d in progress.",
           smartlist_len(downloadable), n_delayed, n_have, n_in_oldrouters,
           n_would_reject, n_wouldnt_use, n_inprogress);

  launch_descriptor_downloads(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                              downloadable, source, now);

  digestmap_free(map, NULL);
 done:
  smartlist_free(downloadable);
  smartlist_free(no_longer_old);
}

/** How often should we launch a server/authority request to be sure of getting
 * a guess for our IP? */
/*XXXX024 this info should come from netinfo cells or something, or we should
 * do this only when we aren't seeing incoming data. see bug 652. */
#define DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL (20*60)

/** As needed, launch a dummy router descriptor fetch to see if our
 * address has changed. */
static void
launch_dummy_descriptor_download_as_needed(time_t now,
                                           const or_options_t *options)
{
  static time_t last_dummy_download = 0;
  /* XXXX024 we could be smarter here; see notes on bug 652. */
  /* If we're a server that doesn't have a configured address, we rely on
   * directory fetches to learn when our address changes.  So if we haven't
   * tried to get any routerdescs in a long time, try a dummy fetch now. */
  if (!options->Address &&
      server_mode(options) &&
      last_descriptor_download_attempted + DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL < now &&
      last_dummy_download + DUMMY_DOWNLOAD_INTERVAL < now) {
    last_dummy_download = now;
    directory_get_from_dirserver(DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_SERVERDESC,
                                 ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL, "authority.z",
                                 PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS);
  }
}

/** Launch downloads for router status as needed. */
void
update_router_descriptor_downloads(time_t now)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(options))
    return;
  if (!we_fetch_router_descriptors(options))
    return;
  if (directory_fetches_dir_info_early(options)) {
    update_router_descriptor_cache_downloads_v2(now);
  }

  update_consensus_router_descriptor_downloads(now, 0,
                  networkstatus_get_reasonably_live_consensus(now, FLAV_NS));
}

/** Launch extrainfo downloads as needed. */
void
update_extrainfo_downloads(time_t now)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  routerlist_t *rl;
  smartlist_t *wanted;
  digestmap_t *pending;
  int old_routers, i;
  int n_no_ei = 0, n_pending = 0, n_have = 0, n_delay = 0;
  if (! options->DownloadExtraInfo)
    return;
  if (should_delay_dir_fetches(options))
    return;
  if (!router_have_minimum_dir_info())
    return;

  pending = digestmap_new();
  list_pending_descriptor_downloads(pending, 1);
  rl = router_get_routerlist();
  wanted = smartlist_new();
  for (old_routers = 0; old_routers < 2; ++old_routers) {
    smartlist_t *lst = old_routers ? rl->old_routers : rl->routers;
    for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(lst); ++i) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd;
      char *d;
      if (old_routers)
        sd = smartlist_get(lst, i);
      else
        sd = &((routerinfo_t*)smartlist_get(lst, i))->cache_info;
      if (sd->is_extrainfo)
        continue; /* This should never happen. */
      if (old_routers && !router_get_by_id_digest(sd->identity_digest))
        continue; /* Couldn't check the signature if we got it. */
      if (sd->extrainfo_is_bogus)
        continue;
      d = sd->extra_info_digest;
      if (tor_digest_is_zero(d)) {
        ++n_no_ei;
        continue;
      }
      if (eimap_get(rl->extra_info_map, d)) {
        ++n_have;
        continue;
      }
      if (!download_status_is_ready(&sd->ei_dl_status, now,
                                    MAX_ROUTERDESC_DOWNLOAD_FAILURES)) {
        ++n_delay;
        continue;
      }
      if (digestmap_get(pending, d)) {
        ++n_pending;
        continue;
      }
      smartlist_add(wanted, d);
    }
  }
  digestmap_free(pending, NULL);

  log_info(LD_DIR, "Extrainfo download status: %d router with no ei, %d "
           "with present ei, %d delaying, %d pending, %d downloadable.",
           n_no_ei, n_have, n_delay, n_pending, smartlist_len(wanted));

  smartlist_shuffle(wanted);
  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(wanted); i += MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST) {
    initiate_descriptor_downloads(NULL, DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_EXTRAINFO,
                                  wanted, i, i + MAX_DL_PER_REQUEST,
                PDS_RETRY_IF_NO_SERVERS|PDS_NO_EXISTING_SERVERDESC_FETCH);
  }

  smartlist_free(wanted);
}

/** Reset the descriptor download failure count on all routers, so that we
 * can retry any long-failed routers immediately.
 */
void
router_reset_descriptor_download_failures(void)
{
  networkstatus_reset_download_failures();
  last_descriptor_download_attempted = 0;
  if (!routerlist)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->routers, routerinfo_t *, ri,
  {
    download_status_reset(&ri->cache_info.ei_dl_status);
  });
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(routerlist->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd,
  {
    download_status_reset(&sd->ei_dl_status);
  });
}

/** Any changes in a router descriptor's publication time larger than this are
 * automatically non-cosmetic. */
#define ROUTER_MAX_COSMETIC_TIME_DIFFERENCE (2*60*60)

/** We allow uptime to vary from how much it ought to be by this much. */
#define ROUTER_ALLOW_UPTIME_DRIFT (6*60*60)

/** Return true iff the only differences between r1 and r2 are such that
 * would not cause a recent (post 0.1.1.6) dirserver to republish.
 */
int
router_differences_are_cosmetic(const routerinfo_t *r1, const routerinfo_t *r2)
{
  time_t r1pub, r2pub;
  long time_difference;
  tor_assert(r1 && r2);

  /* r1 should be the one that was published first. */
  if (r1->cache_info.published_on > r2->cache_info.published_on) {
    const routerinfo_t *ri_tmp = r2;
    r2 = r1;
    r1 = ri_tmp;
  }

  /* If any key fields differ, they're different. */
  if (strcasecmp(r1->address, r2->address) ||
      strcasecmp(r1->nickname, r2->nickname) ||
      r1->or_port != r2->or_port ||
      !tor_addr_eq(&r1->ipv6_addr, &r2->ipv6_addr) ||
      r1->ipv6_orport != r2->ipv6_orport ||
      r1->dir_port != r2->dir_port ||
      r1->purpose != r2->purpose ||
      !crypto_pk_eq_keys(r1->onion_pkey, r2->onion_pkey) ||
      !crypto_pk_eq_keys(r1->identity_pkey, r2->identity_pkey) ||
      strcasecmp(r1->platform, r2->platform) ||
      (r1->contact_info && !r2->contact_info) || /* contact_info is optional */
      (!r1->contact_info && r2->contact_info) ||
      (r1->contact_info && r2->contact_info &&
       strcasecmp(r1->contact_info, r2->contact_info)) ||
      r1->is_hibernating != r2->is_hibernating ||
      cmp_addr_policies(r1->exit_policy, r2->exit_policy))
    return 0;
  if ((r1->declared_family == NULL) != (r2->declared_family == NULL))
    return 0;
  if (r1->declared_family && r2->declared_family) {
    int i, n;
    if (smartlist_len(r1->declared_family)!=smartlist_len(r2->declared_family))
      return 0;
    n = smartlist_len(r1->declared_family);
    for (i=0; i < n; ++i) {
      if (strcasecmp(smartlist_get(r1->declared_family, i),
                     smartlist_get(r2->declared_family, i)))
        return 0;
    }
  }

  /* Did bandwidth change a lot? */
  if ((r1->bandwidthcapacity < r2->bandwidthcapacity/2) ||
      (r2->bandwidthcapacity < r1->bandwidthcapacity/2))
    return 0;

  /* Did the bandwidthrate or bandwidthburst change? */
  if ((r1->bandwidthrate != r2->bandwidthrate) ||
      (r1->bandwidthburst != r2->bandwidthburst))
    return 0;

  /* Did more than 12 hours pass? */
  if (r1->cache_info.published_on + ROUTER_MAX_COSMETIC_TIME_DIFFERENCE
      < r2->cache_info.published_on)
    return 0;

  /* Did uptime fail to increase by approximately the amount we would think,
   * give or take some slop? */
  r1pub = r1->cache_info.published_on;
  r2pub = r2->cache_info.published_on;
  time_difference = labs(r2->uptime - (r1->uptime + (r2pub - r1pub)));
  if (time_difference > ROUTER_ALLOW_UPTIME_DRIFT &&
      time_difference > r1->uptime * .05 &&
      time_difference > r2->uptime * .05)
    return 0;

  /* Otherwise, the difference is cosmetic. */
  return 1;
}

/** Check whether <b>ri</b> (a.k.a. sd) is a router compatible with the
 * extrainfo document
 * <b>ei</b>.  If no router is compatible with <b>ei</b>, <b>ei</b> should be
 * dropped.  Return 0 for "compatible", return 1 for "reject, and inform
 * whoever uploaded <b>ei</b>, and return -1 for "reject silently.".  If
 * <b>msg</b> is present, set *<b>msg</b> to a description of the
 * incompatibility (if any).
 **/
int
routerinfo_incompatible_with_extrainfo(const routerinfo_t *ri,
                                       extrainfo_t *ei,
                                       signed_descriptor_t *sd,
                                       const char **msg)
{
  int digest_matches, r=1;
  tor_assert(ri);
  tor_assert(ei);
  if (!sd)
    sd = (signed_descriptor_t*)&ri->cache_info;

  if (ei->bad_sig) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo signature was bad, or signed with wrong key.";
    return 1;
  }

  digest_matches = tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                           sd->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN);

  /* The identity must match exactly to have been generated at the same time
   * by the same router. */
  if (tor_memneq(ri->cache_info.identity_digest,
                 ei->cache_info.identity_digest,
                 DIGEST_LEN)) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo nickname or identity did not match routerinfo";
    goto err; /* different servers */
  }

  if (ei->pending_sig) {
    char signed_digest[128];
    if (crypto_pk_public_checksig(ri->identity_pkey,
                       signed_digest, sizeof(signed_digest),
                       ei->pending_sig, ei->pending_sig_len) != DIGEST_LEN ||
        tor_memneq(signed_digest, ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
               DIGEST_LEN)) {
      ei->bad_sig = 1;
      tor_free(ei->pending_sig);
      if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo signature bad, or signed with wrong key";
      goto err; /* Bad signature, or no match. */
    }

    ei->cache_info.send_unencrypted = ri->cache_info.send_unencrypted;
    tor_free(ei->pending_sig);
  }

  if (ei->cache_info.published_on < sd->published_on) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo published time did not match routerdesc";
    goto err;
  } else if (ei->cache_info.published_on > sd->published_on) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo published time did not match routerdesc";
    r = -1;
    goto err;
  }

  if (!digest_matches) {
    if (msg) *msg = "Extrainfo digest did not match value from routerdesc";
    goto err; /* Digest doesn't match declared value. */
  }

  return 0;
 err:
  if (digest_matches) {
    /* This signature was okay, and the digest was right: This is indeed the
     * corresponding extrainfo.  But insanely, it doesn't match the routerinfo
     * that lists it.  Don't try to fetch this one again. */
    sd->extrainfo_is_bogus = 1;
  }

  return r;
}

/** Assert that the internal representation of <b>rl</b> is
 * self-consistent. */
void
routerlist_assert_ok(const routerlist_t *rl)
{
  routerinfo_t *r2;
  signed_descriptor_t *sd2;
  if (!rl)
    return;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->routers, routerinfo_t *, r) {
    r2 = rimap_get(rl->identity_map, r->cache_info.identity_digest);
    tor_assert(r == r2);
    sd2 = sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map,
                    r->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(&(r->cache_info) == sd2);
    tor_assert(r->cache_info.routerlist_index == r_sl_idx);
    /* XXXX
     *
     *   Hoo boy.  We need to fix this one, and the fix is a bit tricky, so
     * commenting this out is just a band-aid.
     *
     *   The problem is that, although well-behaved router descriptors
     * should never have the same value for their extra_info_digest, it's
     * possible for ill-behaved routers to claim whatever they like there.
     *
     *   The real answer is to trash desc_by_eid_map and instead have
     * something that indicates for a given extra-info digest we want,
     * what its download status is.  We'll do that as a part of routerlist
     * refactoring once consensus directories are in.  For now,
     * this rep violation is probably harmless: an adversary can make us
     * reset our retry count for an extrainfo, but that's not the end
     * of the world.  Changing the representation in 0.2.0.x would just
     * destabilize the codebase.
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(r->cache_info.extra_info_digest)) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd3 =
        sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, r->cache_info.extra_info_digest);
      tor_assert(sd3 == &(r->cache_info));
    }
    */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(r);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(rl->old_routers, signed_descriptor_t *, sd) {
    r2 = rimap_get(rl->identity_map, sd->identity_digest);
    tor_assert(sd != &(r2->cache_info));
    sd2 = sdmap_get(rl->desc_digest_map, sd->signed_descriptor_digest);
    tor_assert(sd == sd2);
    tor_assert(sd->routerlist_index == sd_sl_idx);
    /* XXXX see above.
    if (!tor_digest_is_zero(sd->extra_info_digest)) {
      signed_descriptor_t *sd3 =
        sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map, sd->extra_info_digest);
      tor_assert(sd3 == sd);
    }
    */
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(sd);

  RIMAP_FOREACH(rl->identity_map, d, r) {
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(r->cache_info.identity_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  SDMAP_FOREACH(rl->desc_digest_map, d, sd) {
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(sd->signed_descriptor_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  SDMAP_FOREACH(rl->desc_by_eid_map, d, sd) {
    tor_assert(!tor_digest_is_zero(d));
    tor_assert(sd);
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(sd->extra_info_digest, d, DIGEST_LEN));
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
  EIMAP_FOREACH(rl->extra_info_map, d, ei) {
    signed_descriptor_t *sd;
    tor_assert(tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                       d, DIGEST_LEN));
    sd = sdmap_get(rl->desc_by_eid_map,
                   ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest);
    // tor_assert(sd); // XXXX see above
    if (sd) {
      tor_assert(tor_memeq(ei->cache_info.signed_descriptor_digest,
                         sd->extra_info_digest, DIGEST_LEN));
    }
  } DIGESTMAP_FOREACH_END;
}

/** Allocate and return a new string representing the contact info
 * and platform string for <b>router</b>,
 * surrounded by quotes and using standard C escapes.
 *
 * THIS FUNCTION IS NOT REENTRANT.  Don't call it from outside the main
 * thread.  Also, each call invalidates the last-returned value, so don't
 * try log_warn(LD_GENERAL, "%s %s", esc_router_info(a), esc_router_info(b));
 *
 * If <b>router</b> is NULL, it just frees its internal memory and returns.
 */
const char *
esc_router_info(const routerinfo_t *router)
{
  static char *info=NULL;
  char *esc_contact, *esc_platform;
  tor_free(info);

  if (!router)
    return NULL; /* we're exiting; just free the memory we use */

  esc_contact = esc_for_log(router->contact_info);
  esc_platform = esc_for_log(router->platform);

  tor_asprintf(&info, "Contact %s, Platform %s", esc_contact, esc_platform);
  tor_free(esc_contact);
  tor_free(esc_platform);

  return info;
}

/** Helper for sorting: compare two routerinfos by their identity
 * digest. */
static int
compare_routerinfo_by_id_digest_(const void **a, const void **b)
{
  routerinfo_t *first = *(routerinfo_t **)a, *second = *(routerinfo_t **)b;
  return fast_memcmp(first->cache_info.identity_digest,
                second->cache_info.identity_digest,
                DIGEST_LEN);
}

/** Sort a list of routerinfo_t in ascending order of identity digest. */
void
routers_sort_by_identity(smartlist_t *routers)
{
  smartlist_sort(routers, compare_routerinfo_by_id_digest_);
}

/** Called when we change a node set, or when we reload the geoip IPv4 list:
 * recompute all country info in all configuration node sets and in the
 * routerlist. */
void
refresh_all_country_info(void)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();

  if (options->EntryNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->EntryNodes);
  if (options->ExitNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExitNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeExitNodes)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeExitNodes);
  if (options->ExcludeExitNodesUnion_)
    routerset_refresh_countries(options->ExcludeExitNodesUnion_);

  nodelist_refresh_countries();
}

/** Determine the routers that are responsible for <b>id</b> (binary) and
 * add pointers to those routers' routerstatus_t to <b>responsible_dirs</b>.
 * Return -1 if we're returning an empty smartlist, else return 0.
 */
int
hid_serv_get_responsible_directories(smartlist_t *responsible_dirs,
                                     const char *id)
{
  int start, found, n_added = 0, i;
  networkstatus_t *c = networkstatus_get_latest_consensus();
  if (!c || !smartlist_len(c->routerstatus_list)) {
    log_warn(LD_REND, "We don't have a consensus, so we can't perform v2 "
             "rendezvous operations.");
    return -1;
  }
  tor_assert(id);
  start = networkstatus_vote_find_entry_idx(c, id, &found);
  if (start == smartlist_len(c->routerstatus_list)) start = 0;
  i = start;
  do {
    routerstatus_t *r = smartlist_get(c->routerstatus_list, i);
    if (r->is_hs_dir) {
      smartlist_add(responsible_dirs, r);
      if (++n_added == REND_NUMBER_OF_CONSECUTIVE_REPLICAS)
        return 0;
    }
    if (++i == smartlist_len(c->routerstatus_list))
      i = 0;
  } while (i != start);

  /* Even though we don't have the desired number of hidden service
   * directories, be happy if we got any. */
  return smartlist_len(responsible_dirs) ? 0 : -1;
}

/** Return true if this node is currently acting as hidden service
 * directory, false otherwise. */
int
hid_serv_acting_as_directory(void)
{
  const routerinfo_t *me = router_get_my_routerinfo();
  if (!me)
    return 0;
  if (!get_options()->HidServDirectoryV2) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "We are not acting as hidden service directory, "
                      "because we have not been configured as such.");
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

/** Return true if this node is responsible for storing the descriptor ID
 * in <b>query</b> and false otherwise. */
int
hid_serv_responsible_for_desc_id(const char *query)
{
  const routerinfo_t *me;
  routerstatus_t *last_rs;
  const char *my_id, *last_id;
  int result;
  smartlist_t *responsible;
  if (!hid_serv_acting_as_directory())
    return 0;
  if (!(me = router_get_my_routerinfo()))
    return 0; /* This is redundant, but let's be paranoid. */
  my_id = me->cache_info.identity_digest;
  responsible = smartlist_new();
  if (hid_serv_get_responsible_directories(responsible, query) < 0) {
    smartlist_free(responsible);
    return 0;
  }
  last_rs = smartlist_get(responsible, smartlist_len(responsible)-1);
  last_id = last_rs->identity_digest;
  result = rend_id_is_in_interval(my_id, query, last_id);
  smartlist_free(responsible);
  return result;
}