tor/src/or/rendclient.c

/* Copyright (c) 2004-2006, Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson.
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2016, The Tor Project, Inc. */
/* See LICENSE for licensing information */

/**
 * \file rendclient.c
 * \brief Client code to access location-hidden services.
 **/

#include "or.h"
#include "circpathbias.h"
#include "circuitbuild.h"
#include "circuitlist.h"
#include "circuituse.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "connection.h"
#include "connection_edge.h"
#include "directory.h"
#include "main.h"
#include "networkstatus.h"
#include "nodelist.h"
#include "relay.h"
#include "rendclient.h"
#include "rendcommon.h"
#include "rephist.h"
#include "router.h"
#include "routerlist.h"
#include "routerset.h"
#include "control.h"

static extend_info_t *rend_client_get_random_intro_impl(
                          const rend_cache_entry_t *rend_query,
                          const int strict, const int warnings);

/** Purge all potentially remotely-detectable state held in the hidden
 * service client code.  Called on SIGNAL NEWNYM. */
void
rend_client_purge_state(void)
{
  rend_cache_purge();
  rend_cache_failure_purge();
  rend_client_cancel_descriptor_fetches();
  rend_client_purge_last_hid_serv_requests();
}

/** Called when we've established a circuit to an introduction point:
 * send the introduction request. */
void
rend_client_introcirc_has_opened(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  tor_assert(circ->base_.purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING);
  tor_assert(circ->cpath);

  log_info(LD_REND,"introcirc is open");
  connection_ap_attach_pending(1);
}

/** Send the establish-rendezvous cell along a rendezvous circuit. if
 * it fails, mark the circ for close and return -1. else return 0.
 */
static int
rend_client_send_establish_rendezvous(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  tor_assert(circ->base_.purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND);
  tor_assert(circ->rend_data);
  log_info(LD_REND, "Sending an ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell");

  crypto_rand(circ->rend_data->rend_cookie, REND_COOKIE_LEN);

  /* Set timestamp_dirty, because circuit_expire_building expects it,
   * and the rend cookie also means we've used the circ. */
  circ->base_.timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);

  /* We've attempted to use this circuit. Probe it if we fail */
  pathbias_count_use_attempt(circ);

  if (relay_send_command_from_edge(0, TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
                                   RELAY_COMMAND_ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS,
                                   circ->rend_data->rend_cookie,
                                   REND_COOKIE_LEN,
                                   circ->cpath->prev)<0) {
    /* circ is already marked for close */
    log_warn(LD_GENERAL, "Couldn't send ESTABLISH_RENDEZVOUS cell");
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

/** Extend the introduction circuit <b>circ</b> to another valid
 * introduction point for the hidden service it is trying to connect
 * to, or mark it and launch a new circuit if we can't extend it.
 * Return 0 on success or possible success.  Return -1 and mark the
 * introduction circuit for close on permanent failure.
 *
 * On failure, the caller is responsible for marking the associated
 * rendezvous circuit for close. */
static int
rend_client_reextend_intro_circuit(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  extend_info_t *extend_info;
  int result;
  extend_info = rend_client_get_random_intro(circ->rend_data);
  if (!extend_info) {
    log_warn(LD_REND,
             "No usable introduction points left for %s. Closing.",
             safe_str_client(circ->rend_data->onion_address));
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL);
    return -1;
  }
  // XXX: should we not re-extend if hs_circ_has_timed_out?
  if (circ->remaining_relay_early_cells) {
    log_info(LD_REND,
             "Re-extending circ %u, this time to %s.",
             (unsigned)circ->base_.n_circ_id,
             safe_str_client(extend_info_describe(extend_info)));
    result = circuit_extend_to_new_exit(circ, extend_info);
  } else {
    log_info(LD_REND,
             "Closing intro circ %u (out of RELAY_EARLY cells).",
             (unsigned)circ->base_.n_circ_id);
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_FINISHED);
    /* connection_ap_handshake_attach_circuit will launch a new intro circ. */
    result = 0;
  }
  extend_info_free(extend_info);
  return result;
}

/** Called when we're trying to connect an ap conn; sends an INTRODUCE1 cell
 * down introcirc if possible.
 */
int
rend_client_send_introduction(origin_circuit_t *introcirc,
                              origin_circuit_t *rendcirc)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  size_t payload_len;
  int r, v3_shift = 0;
  char payload[RELAY_PAYLOAD_SIZE];
  char tmp[RELAY_PAYLOAD_SIZE];
  rend_cache_entry_t *entry = NULL;
  crypt_path_t *cpath;
  off_t dh_offset;
  crypto_pk_t *intro_key = NULL;
  int status = 0;

  tor_assert(introcirc->base_.purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING);
  tor_assert(rendcirc->base_.purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY);
  tor_assert(introcirc->rend_data);
  tor_assert(rendcirc->rend_data);
  tor_assert(!rend_cmp_service_ids(introcirc->rend_data->onion_address,
                                   rendcirc->rend_data->onion_address));
  assert_circ_anonymity_ok(introcirc, options);
  assert_circ_anonymity_ok(rendcirc, options);

  r = rend_cache_lookup_entry(introcirc->rend_data->onion_address, -1,
                              &entry);
  /* An invalid onion address is not possible else we have a big issue. */
  tor_assert(r != -EINVAL);
  if (r < 0 || !rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(entry)) {
    /* If the descriptor is not found or the intro points are not usable
     * anymore, trigger a fetch. */
    log_info(LD_REND,
             "query %s didn't have valid rend desc in cache. "
             "Refetching descriptor.",
             safe_str_client(introcirc->rend_data->onion_address));
    rend_client_refetch_v2_renddesc(introcirc->rend_data);
    {
      connection_t *conn;

      while ((conn = connection_get_by_type_state_rendquery(CONN_TYPE_AP,
                       AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT,
                       introcirc->rend_data->onion_address))) {
        connection_ap_mark_as_non_pending_circuit(TO_ENTRY_CONN(conn));
        conn->state = AP_CONN_STATE_RENDDESC_WAIT;
      }
    }

    status = -1;
    goto cleanup;
  }

  /* first 20 bytes of payload are the hash of the service's pk */
  intro_key = NULL;
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(entry->parsed->intro_nodes, rend_intro_point_t *,
                    intro, {
    if (tor_memeq(introcirc->build_state->chosen_exit->identity_digest,
                intro->extend_info->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      intro_key = intro->intro_key;
      break;
    }
  });
  if (!intro_key) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "Could not find intro key for %s at %s; we "
             "have a v2 rend desc with %d intro points. "
             "Trying a different intro point...",
             safe_str_client(introcirc->rend_data->onion_address),
             safe_str_client(extend_info_describe(
                                   introcirc->build_state->chosen_exit)),
             smartlist_len(entry->parsed->intro_nodes));

    if (rend_client_reextend_intro_circuit(introcirc)) {
      status = -2;
      goto perm_err;
    } else {
      status = -1;
      goto cleanup;
    }
  }
  if (crypto_pk_get_digest(intro_key, payload)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Internal error: couldn't hash public key.");
    status = -2;
    goto perm_err;
  }

  /* Initialize the pending_final_cpath and start the DH handshake. */
  cpath = rendcirc->build_state->pending_final_cpath;
  if (!cpath) {
    cpath = rendcirc->build_state->pending_final_cpath =
      tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(crypt_path_t));
    cpath->magic = CRYPT_PATH_MAGIC;
    if (!(cpath->rend_dh_handshake_state = crypto_dh_new(DH_TYPE_REND))) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Internal error: couldn't allocate DH.");
      status = -2;
      goto perm_err;
    }
    if (crypto_dh_generate_public(cpath->rend_dh_handshake_state)<0) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Internal error: couldn't generate g^x.");
      status = -2;
      goto perm_err;
    }
  }

  /* If version is 3, write (optional) auth data and timestamp. */
  if (entry->parsed->protocols & (1<<3)) {
    tmp[0] = 3; /* version 3 of the cell format */
    tmp[1] = (uint8_t)introcirc->rend_data->auth_type; /* auth type, if any */
    v3_shift = 1;
    if (introcirc->rend_data->auth_type != REND_NO_AUTH) {
      set_uint16(tmp+2, htons(REND_DESC_COOKIE_LEN));
      memcpy(tmp+4, introcirc->rend_data->descriptor_cookie,
             REND_DESC_COOKIE_LEN);
      v3_shift += 2+REND_DESC_COOKIE_LEN;
    }
    /* Once this held a timestamp. */
    set_uint32(tmp+v3_shift+1, 0);
    v3_shift += 4;
  } /* if version 2 only write version number */
  else if (entry->parsed->protocols & (1<<2)) {
    tmp[0] = 2; /* version 2 of the cell format */
  }

  /* write the remaining items into tmp */
  if (entry->parsed->protocols & (1<<3) || entry->parsed->protocols & (1<<2)) {
    /* version 2 format */
    extend_info_t *extend_info = rendcirc->build_state->chosen_exit;
    int klen;
    /* nul pads */
    set_uint32(tmp+v3_shift+1, tor_addr_to_ipv4n(&extend_info->addr));
    set_uint16(tmp+v3_shift+5, htons(extend_info->port));
    memcpy(tmp+v3_shift+7, extend_info->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
    klen = crypto_pk_asn1_encode(extend_info->onion_key,
                                 tmp+v3_shift+7+DIGEST_LEN+2,
                                 sizeof(tmp)-(v3_shift+7+DIGEST_LEN+2));
    set_uint16(tmp+v3_shift+7+DIGEST_LEN, htons(klen));
    memcpy(tmp+v3_shift+7+DIGEST_LEN+2+klen, rendcirc->rend_data->rend_cookie,
           REND_COOKIE_LEN);
    dh_offset = v3_shift+7+DIGEST_LEN+2+klen+REND_COOKIE_LEN;
  } else {
    /* Version 0. */

    /* Some compilers are smart enough to work out that nickname can be more
     * than 19 characters, when it's a hexdigest. They warn that strncpy()
     * will truncate hexdigests without NUL-terminating them. But we only put
     * hexdigests in HSDir and general circuit exits. */
    if (BUG(strlen(rendcirc->build_state->chosen_exit->nickname)
            > MAX_NICKNAME_LEN)) {
      goto perm_err;
    }
    strncpy(tmp, rendcirc->build_state->chosen_exit->nickname,
            (MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1)); /* nul pads */
    memcpy(tmp+MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1, rendcirc->rend_data->rend_cookie,
           REND_COOKIE_LEN);
    dh_offset = MAX_NICKNAME_LEN+1+REND_COOKIE_LEN;
  }

  if (crypto_dh_get_public(cpath->rend_dh_handshake_state, tmp+dh_offset,
                           DH_KEY_LEN)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Internal error: couldn't extract g^x.");
    status = -2;
    goto perm_err;
  }

  note_crypto_pk_op(REND_CLIENT);
  /*XXX maybe give crypto_pk_public_hybrid_encrypt a max_len arg,
   * to avoid buffer overflows? */
  r = crypto_pk_public_hybrid_encrypt(intro_key, payload+DIGEST_LEN,
                                      sizeof(payload)-DIGEST_LEN,
                                      tmp,
                                      (int)(dh_offset+DH_KEY_LEN),
                                      PK_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING, 0);
  if (r<0) {
    log_warn(LD_BUG,"Internal error: hybrid pk encrypt failed.");
    status = -2;
    goto perm_err;
  }

  payload_len = DIGEST_LEN + r;
  tor_assert(payload_len <= RELAY_PAYLOAD_SIZE); /* we overran something */

  /* Copy the rendezvous cookie from rendcirc to introcirc, so that
   * when introcirc gets an ack, we can change the state of the right
   * rendezvous circuit. */
  memcpy(introcirc->rend_data->rend_cookie, rendcirc->rend_data->rend_cookie,
         REND_COOKIE_LEN);

  log_info(LD_REND, "Sending an INTRODUCE1 cell");
  if (relay_send_command_from_edge(0, TO_CIRCUIT(introcirc),
                                   RELAY_COMMAND_INTRODUCE1,
                                   payload, payload_len,
                                   introcirc->cpath->prev)<0) {
    /* introcirc is already marked for close. leave rendcirc alone. */
    log_warn(LD_BUG, "Couldn't send INTRODUCE1 cell");
    status = -2;
    goto cleanup;
  }

  /* Now, we wait for an ACK or NAK on this circuit. */
  circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(introcirc),
                         CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT);
  /* Set timestamp_dirty, because circuit_expire_building expects it
   * to specify when a circuit entered the _C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT
   * state. */
  introcirc->base_.timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);

  pathbias_count_use_attempt(introcirc);

  goto cleanup;

 perm_err:
  if (!introcirc->base_.marked_for_close)
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(introcirc), END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL);
  circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(rendcirc), END_CIRC_REASON_INTERNAL);
 cleanup:
  memwipe(payload, 0, sizeof(payload));
  memwipe(tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));

  return status;
}

/** Called when a rendezvous circuit is open; sends a establish
 * rendezvous circuit as appropriate. */
void
rend_client_rendcirc_has_opened(origin_circuit_t *circ)
{
  tor_assert(circ->base_.purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND);

  log_info(LD_REND,"rendcirc is open");

  /* generate a rendezvous cookie, store it in circ */
  if (rend_client_send_establish_rendezvous(circ) < 0) {
    return;
  }
}

/**
 * Called to close other intro circuits we launched in parallel.
 */
static void
rend_client_close_other_intros(const char *onion_address)
{
  /* abort parallel intro circs, if any */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(circuit_get_global_list(), circuit_t *, c) {
    if ((c->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING ||
        c->purpose == CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT) &&
        !c->marked_for_close && CIRCUIT_IS_ORIGIN(c)) {
      origin_circuit_t *oc = TO_ORIGIN_CIRCUIT(c);
      if (oc->rend_data &&
          !rend_cmp_service_ids(onion_address,
                                oc->rend_data->onion_address)) {
        log_info(LD_REND|LD_CIRC, "Closing introduction circuit %d that we "
                 "built in parallel (Purpose %d).", oc->global_identifier,
                 c->purpose);
        circuit_mark_for_close(c, END_CIRC_REASON_IP_NOW_REDUNDANT);
      }
    }
  }
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(c);
}

/** Called when get an ACK or a NAK for a REND_INTRODUCE1 cell.
 */
int
rend_client_introduction_acked(origin_circuit_t *circ,
                               const uint8_t *request, size_t request_len)
{
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  origin_circuit_t *rendcirc;
  (void) request; // XXXX Use this.

  if (circ->base_.purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACK_WAIT) {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,
             "Received REND_INTRODUCE_ACK on unexpected circuit %u.",
             (unsigned)circ->base_.n_circ_id);
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL);
    return -1;
  }

  tor_assert(circ->build_state);
  tor_assert(circ->build_state->chosen_exit);
  assert_circ_anonymity_ok(circ, options);
  tor_assert(circ->rend_data);

  /* For path bias: This circuit was used successfully. Valid
   * nacks and acks count. */
  pathbias_mark_use_success(circ);

  if (request_len == 0) {
    /* It's an ACK; the introduction point relayed our introduction request. */
    /* Locate the rend circ which is waiting to hear about this ack,
     * and tell it.
     */
    log_info(LD_REND,"Received ack. Telling rend circ...");
    rendcirc = circuit_get_ready_rend_circ_by_rend_data(circ->rend_data);
    if (rendcirc) { /* remember the ack */
      assert_circ_anonymity_ok(rendcirc, options);
      circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(rendcirc),
                             CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED);
      /* Set timestamp_dirty, because circuit_expire_building expects
       * it to specify when a circuit entered the
       * _C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED state. */
      rendcirc->base_.timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);
    } else {
      log_info(LD_REND,"...Found no rend circ. Dropping on the floor.");
    }
    /* close the circuit: we won't need it anymore. */
    circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
                           CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACKED);
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_FINISHED);

    /* close any other intros launched in parallel */
    rend_client_close_other_intros(circ->rend_data->onion_address);
  } else {
    /* It's a NAK; the introduction point didn't relay our request. */
    circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCING);
    /* Remove this intro point from the set of viable introduction
     * points. If any remain, extend to a new one and try again.
     * If none remain, refetch the service descriptor.
     */
    log_info(LD_REND, "Got nack for %s from %s...",
        safe_str_client(circ->rend_data->onion_address),
        safe_str_client(extend_info_describe(circ->build_state->chosen_exit)));
    if (rend_client_report_intro_point_failure(circ->build_state->chosen_exit,
                                             circ->rend_data,
                                             INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_GENERIC)>0) {
      /* There are introduction points left. Re-extend the circuit to
       * another intro point and try again. */
      int result = rend_client_reextend_intro_circuit(circ);
      /* XXXX If that call failed, should we close the rend circuit,
       * too? */
      return result;
    } else {
      /* Close circuit because no more intro points are usable thus not
       * useful anymore. Change it's purpose before so we don't report an
       * intro point failure again triggering an extra descriptor fetch. */
      circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(circ),
          CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_INTRODUCE_ACKED);
      circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_FINISHED);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/** The period for which a hidden service directory cannot be queried for
 * the same descriptor ID again. */
#define REND_HID_SERV_DIR_REQUERY_PERIOD (15 * 60)
/** Test networks generate a new consensus every 5 or 10 seconds.
 * So allow them to requery HSDirs much faster. */
#define REND_HID_SERV_DIR_REQUERY_PERIOD_TESTING (5)

/** Return the period for which a hidden service directory cannot be queried
 * for the same descriptor ID again, taking TestingTorNetwork into account. */
static time_t
hsdir_requery_period(const or_options_t *options)
{
  tor_assert(options);

  if (options->TestingTorNetwork) {
    return REND_HID_SERV_DIR_REQUERY_PERIOD_TESTING;
  } else {
    return REND_HID_SERV_DIR_REQUERY_PERIOD;
  }
}

/** Contains the last request times to hidden service directories for
 * certain queries; each key is a string consisting of the
 * concatenation of a base32-encoded HS directory identity digest and
 * base32-encoded HS descriptor ID; each value is a pointer to a time_t
 * holding the time of the last request for that descriptor ID to that
 * HS directory. */
static strmap_t *last_hid_serv_requests_ = NULL;

/** Returns last_hid_serv_requests_, initializing it to a new strmap if
 * necessary. */
static strmap_t *
get_last_hid_serv_requests(void)
{
  if (!last_hid_serv_requests_)
    last_hid_serv_requests_ = strmap_new();
  return last_hid_serv_requests_;
}

#define LAST_HID_SERV_REQUEST_KEY_LEN (REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32 + \
                                       REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32)

/** Look up the last request time to hidden service directory <b>hs_dir</b>
 * for descriptor ID <b>desc_id_base32</b>. If <b>set</b> is non-zero,
 * assign the current time <b>now</b> and return that. Otherwise, return the
 * most recent request time, or 0 if no such request has been sent before.
 */
static time_t
lookup_last_hid_serv_request(routerstatus_t *hs_dir,
                             const char *desc_id_base32,
                             time_t now, int set)
{
  char hsdir_id_base32[REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32 + 1];
  char hsdir_desc_comb_id[LAST_HID_SERV_REQUEST_KEY_LEN + 1];
  time_t *last_request_ptr;
  strmap_t *last_hid_serv_requests = get_last_hid_serv_requests();
  base32_encode(hsdir_id_base32, sizeof(hsdir_id_base32),
                hs_dir->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN);
  tor_snprintf(hsdir_desc_comb_id, sizeof(hsdir_desc_comb_id), "%s%s",
               hsdir_id_base32,
               desc_id_base32);
  /* XXX++?? tor_assert(strlen(hsdir_desc_comb_id) ==
                       LAST_HID_SERV_REQUEST_KEY_LEN); */
  if (set) {
    time_t *oldptr;
    last_request_ptr = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(time_t));
    *last_request_ptr = now;
    oldptr = strmap_set(last_hid_serv_requests, hsdir_desc_comb_id,
                        last_request_ptr);
    tor_free(oldptr);
  } else
    last_request_ptr = strmap_get_lc(last_hid_serv_requests,
                                     hsdir_desc_comb_id);
  return (last_request_ptr) ? *last_request_ptr : 0;
}

/** Clean the history of request times to hidden service directories, so that
 * it does not contain requests older than REND_HID_SERV_DIR_REQUERY_PERIOD
 * seconds any more. */
static void
directory_clean_last_hid_serv_requests(time_t now)
{
  strmap_iter_t *iter;
  time_t cutoff = now - hsdir_requery_period(get_options());
  strmap_t *last_hid_serv_requests = get_last_hid_serv_requests();
  for (iter = strmap_iter_init(last_hid_serv_requests);
       !strmap_iter_done(iter); ) {
    const char *key;
    void *val;
    time_t *ent;
    strmap_iter_get(iter, &key, &val);
    ent = (time_t *) val;
    if (*ent < cutoff) {
      iter = strmap_iter_next_rmv(last_hid_serv_requests, iter);
      tor_free(ent);
    } else {
      iter = strmap_iter_next(last_hid_serv_requests, iter);
    }
  }
}

/** Remove all requests related to the descriptor ID <b>desc_id</b> from the
 * history of times of requests to hidden service directories.
 * <b>desc_id</b> is an unencoded descriptor ID of size DIGEST_LEN.
 *
 * This is called from rend_client_note_connection_attempt_ended(), which
 * must be idempotent, so any future changes to this function must leave it
 * idempotent too. */
static void
purge_hid_serv_from_last_hid_serv_requests(const char *desc_id)
{
  strmap_iter_t *iter;
  strmap_t *last_hid_serv_requests = get_last_hid_serv_requests();
  char desc_id_base32[REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32 + 1];

  /* Key is stored with the base32 encoded desc_id. */
  base32_encode(desc_id_base32, sizeof(desc_id_base32), desc_id,
                DIGEST_LEN);
  for (iter = strmap_iter_init(last_hid_serv_requests);
       !strmap_iter_done(iter); ) {
    const char *key;
    void *val;
    strmap_iter_get(iter, &key, &val);
    /* XXX++?? tor_assert(strlen(key) == LAST_HID_SERV_REQUEST_KEY_LEN); */
    if (tor_memeq(key + LAST_HID_SERV_REQUEST_KEY_LEN -
                  REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32,
                  desc_id_base32,
                  REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32)) {
      iter = strmap_iter_next_rmv(last_hid_serv_requests, iter);
      tor_free(val);
    } else {
      iter = strmap_iter_next(last_hid_serv_requests, iter);
    }
  }
}

/** Purge the history of request times to hidden service directories,
 * so that future lookups of an HS descriptor will not fail because we
 * accessed all of the HSDir relays responsible for the descriptor
 * recently. */
void
rend_client_purge_last_hid_serv_requests(void)
{
  /* Don't create the table if it doesn't exist yet (and it may very
   * well not exist if the user hasn't accessed any HSes)... */
  strmap_t *old_last_hid_serv_requests = last_hid_serv_requests_;
  /* ... and let get_last_hid_serv_requests re-create it for us if
   * necessary. */
  last_hid_serv_requests_ = NULL;

  if (old_last_hid_serv_requests != NULL) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "Purging client last-HS-desc-request-time table");
    strmap_free(old_last_hid_serv_requests, tor_free_);
  }
}

/** This returns a good valid hs dir that should be used for the given
 * descriptor id.
 *
 * Return NULL on error else the hsdir node pointer. */
static routerstatus_t *
pick_hsdir(const char *desc_id, const char *desc_id_base32)
{
  smartlist_t *responsible_dirs = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_t *usable_responsible_dirs = smartlist_new();
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  routerstatus_t *hs_dir;
  time_t now = time(NULL);
  int excluded_some;

  tor_assert(desc_id);
  tor_assert(desc_id_base32);

  /* Determine responsible dirs. Even if we can't get all we want, work with
   * the ones we have. If it's empty, we'll notice below. */
  hid_serv_get_responsible_directories(responsible_dirs, desc_id);

  /* Clean request history first. */
  directory_clean_last_hid_serv_requests(now);

  /* Only select those hidden service directories to which we did not send a
   * request recently and for which we have a router descriptor here. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(responsible_dirs, routerstatus_t *, dir) {
    time_t last = lookup_last_hid_serv_request(dir, desc_id_base32,
                                               0, 0);
    const node_t *node = node_get_by_id(dir->identity_digest);
    if (last + hsdir_requery_period(options) >= now ||
        !node || !node_has_descriptor(node)) {
      SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(responsible_dirs, dir);
      continue;
    }
    if (!routerset_contains_node(options->ExcludeNodes, node)) {
      smartlist_add(usable_responsible_dirs, dir);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(dir);

  excluded_some =
    smartlist_len(usable_responsible_dirs) < smartlist_len(responsible_dirs);

  hs_dir = smartlist_choose(usable_responsible_dirs);
  if (!hs_dir && !options->StrictNodes) {
    hs_dir = smartlist_choose(responsible_dirs);
  }

  smartlist_free(responsible_dirs);
  smartlist_free(usable_responsible_dirs);
  if (!hs_dir) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "Could not pick one of the responsible hidden "
                      "service directories, because we requested them all "
                      "recently without success.");
    if (options->StrictNodes && excluded_some) {
      log_warn(LD_REND, "Could not pick a hidden service directory for the "
               "requested hidden service: they are all either down or "
               "excluded, and StrictNodes is set.");
    }
  } else {
    /* Remember that we are requesting a descriptor from this hidden service
     * directory now. */
    lookup_last_hid_serv_request(hs_dir, desc_id_base32, now, 1);
  }

  return hs_dir;
}

/** Determine the responsible hidden service directories for <b>desc_id</b>
 * and fetch the descriptor with that ID from one of them. Only
 * send a request to a hidden service directory that we have not yet tried
 * during this attempt to connect to this hidden service; on success, return 1,
 * in the case that no hidden service directory is left to ask for the
 * descriptor, return 0, and in case of a failure -1.  */
static int
directory_get_from_hs_dir(const char *desc_id, const rend_data_t *rend_query,
                          routerstatus_t *rs_hsdir)
{
  routerstatus_t *hs_dir = rs_hsdir;
  char *hsdir_fp;
  char desc_id_base32[REND_DESC_ID_V2_LEN_BASE32 + 1];
  char descriptor_cookie_base64[3*REND_DESC_COOKIE_LEN_BASE64];
#ifdef ENABLE_TOR2WEB_MODE
  const int tor2web_mode = get_options()->Tor2webMode;
  const int how_to_fetch = tor2web_mode ? DIRIND_ONEHOP : DIRIND_ANONYMOUS;
#else
  const int how_to_fetch = DIRIND_ANONYMOUS;
#endif

  tor_assert(desc_id);

  base32_encode(desc_id_base32, sizeof(desc_id_base32),
                desc_id, DIGEST_LEN);

  /* Automatically pick an hs dir if none given. */
  if (!rs_hsdir) {
    hs_dir = pick_hsdir(desc_id, desc_id_base32);
    if (!hs_dir) {
      /* No suitable hs dir can be found, stop right now. */
      return 0;
    }
  }

  /* Add a copy of the HSDir identity digest to the query so we can track it
   * on the control port. */
  hsdir_fp = tor_memdup(hs_dir->identity_digest,
                        sizeof(hs_dir->identity_digest));
  smartlist_add(rend_query->hsdirs_fp, hsdir_fp);

  /* Encode descriptor cookie for logging purposes. Also, if the cookie is
   * malformed, no fetch is triggered thus this needs to be done before the
   * fetch request. */
  if (rend_query->auth_type != REND_NO_AUTH) {
    if (base64_encode(descriptor_cookie_base64,
                      sizeof(descriptor_cookie_base64),
                      rend_query->descriptor_cookie, REND_DESC_COOKIE_LEN,
                      0)<0) {
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Could not base64-encode descriptor cookie.");
      return 0;
    }
    /* Remove == signs. */
    descriptor_cookie_base64[strlen(descriptor_cookie_base64)-2] = '\0';
  } else {
    strlcpy(descriptor_cookie_base64, "(none)",
            sizeof(descriptor_cookie_base64));
  }

  /* Send fetch request. (Pass query and possibly descriptor cookie so that
   * they can be written to the directory connection and be referred to when
   * the response arrives. */
  directory_initiate_command_routerstatus_rend(hs_dir,
                                          DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_RENDDESC_V2,
                                          ROUTER_PURPOSE_GENERAL,
                                          how_to_fetch,
                                          desc_id_base32,
                                          NULL, 0, 0,
                                          rend_query);
  log_info(LD_REND, "Sending fetch request for v2 descriptor for "
                    "service '%s' with descriptor ID '%s', auth type %d, "
                    "and descriptor cookie '%s' to hidden service "
                    "directory %s",
           rend_query->onion_address, desc_id_base32,
           rend_query->auth_type,
           (rend_query->auth_type == REND_NO_AUTH ? "[none]" :
            escaped_safe_str_client(descriptor_cookie_base64)),
           routerstatus_describe(hs_dir));
  control_event_hs_descriptor_requested(rend_query,
                                        hs_dir->identity_digest,
                                        desc_id_base32);
  return 1;
}

/** Fetch a v2 descriptor using the given descriptor id. If any hsdir(s) are
 * given, they will be used instead.
 *
 * On success, 1 is returned. If no hidden service is left to ask, return 0.
 * On error, -1 is returned. */
static int
fetch_v2_desc_by_descid(const char *desc_id, const rend_data_t *rend_query,
                        smartlist_t *hsdirs)
{
  int ret;

  tor_assert(rend_query);

  if (!hsdirs) {
    ret = directory_get_from_hs_dir(desc_id, rend_query, NULL);
    goto end; /* either success or failure, but we're done */
  }

  /* Using the given hsdir list, trigger a fetch on each of them. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(hsdirs, routerstatus_t *, hs_dir) {
    /* This should always be a success. */
    ret = directory_get_from_hs_dir(desc_id, rend_query, hs_dir);
    tor_assert(ret);
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(hs_dir);

  /* Everything went well. */
  ret = 0;

 end:
  return ret;
}

/** Fetch a v2 descriptor using the onion address in the given query object.
 * This will compute the descriptor id for each replicas and fetch it on the
 * given hsdir(s) if any or the responsible ones that are choosen
 * automatically.
 *
 * On success, 1 is returned. If no hidden service is left to ask, return 0.
 * On error, -1 is returned. */
static int
fetch_v2_desc_by_addr(rend_data_t *query, smartlist_t *hsdirs)
{
  char descriptor_id[DIGEST_LEN];
  int replicas_left_to_try[REND_NUMBER_OF_NON_CONSECUTIVE_REPLICAS];
  int i, tries_left, ret;

  tor_assert(query);

  /* Randomly iterate over the replicas until a descriptor can be fetched
   * from one of the consecutive nodes, or no options are left. */
  for (i = 0; i < REND_NUMBER_OF_NON_CONSECUTIVE_REPLICAS; i++) {
    replicas_left_to_try[i] = i;
  }

  tries_left = REND_NUMBER_OF_NON_CONSECUTIVE_REPLICAS;
  while (tries_left > 0) {
    int rand_val = crypto_rand_int(tries_left);
    int chosen_replica = replicas_left_to_try[rand_val];
    replicas_left_to_try[rand_val] = replicas_left_to_try[--tries_left];

    ret = rend_compute_v2_desc_id(descriptor_id, query->onion_address,
                                  query->auth_type == REND_STEALTH_AUTH ?
                                  query->descriptor_cookie : NULL,
                                  time(NULL), chosen_replica);
    if (ret < 0) {
      /* Normally, on failure the descriptor_id is untouched but let's be
       * safe in general in case the function changes at some point. */
      goto end;
    }

    if (tor_memcmp(descriptor_id, query->descriptor_id[chosen_replica],
                   sizeof(descriptor_id)) != 0) {
      /* Not equal from what we currently have so purge the last hid serv
       * request cache and update the descriptor ID with the new value. */
      purge_hid_serv_from_last_hid_serv_requests(
                                        query->descriptor_id[chosen_replica]);
      memcpy(query->descriptor_id[chosen_replica], descriptor_id,
             sizeof(query->descriptor_id[chosen_replica]));
    }

    /* Trigger the fetch with the computed descriptor ID. */
    ret = fetch_v2_desc_by_descid(descriptor_id, query, hsdirs);
    if (ret != 0) {
      /* Either on success or failure, as long as we tried a fetch we are
       * done here. */
      goto end;
    }
  }

  /* If we come here, there are no hidden service directories left. */
  log_info(LD_REND, "Could not pick one of the responsible hidden "
                    "service directories to fetch descriptors, because "
                    "we already tried them all unsuccessfully.");
  ret = 0;

 end:
  memwipe(descriptor_id, 0, sizeof(descriptor_id));
  return ret;
}

/** Fetch a v2 descriptor using the given query. If any hsdir are specified,
 * use them for the fetch.
 *
 * On success, 1 is returned. If no hidden service is left to ask, return 0.
 * On error, -1 is returned. */
int
rend_client_fetch_v2_desc(rend_data_t *query, smartlist_t *hsdirs)
{
  int ret;

  tor_assert(query);

  /* Depending on what's available in the rend data query object, we will
   * trigger a fetch by HS address or using a descriptor ID. */

  if (query->onion_address[0] != '\0') {
    ret = fetch_v2_desc_by_addr(query, hsdirs);
  } else if (!tor_digest_is_zero(query->desc_id_fetch)) {
    ret = fetch_v2_desc_by_descid(query->desc_id_fetch, query, hsdirs);
  } else {
    /* Query data is invalid. */
    ret = -1;
    goto error;
  }

 error:
  return ret;
}

/** Unless we already have a descriptor for <b>rend_query</b> with at least
 * one (possibly) working introduction point in it, start a connection to a
 * hidden service directory to fetch a v2 rendezvous service descriptor. */
void
rend_client_refetch_v2_renddesc(rend_data_t *rend_query)
{
  rend_cache_entry_t *e = NULL;

  tor_assert(rend_query);
  /* Before fetching, check if we already have a usable descriptor here. */
  if (rend_cache_lookup_entry(rend_query->onion_address, -1, &e) == 0 &&
      rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(e)) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "We would fetch a v2 rendezvous descriptor, but we "
                      "already have a usable descriptor here. Not fetching.");
    return;
  }
  /* Are we configured to fetch descriptors? */
  if (!get_options()->FetchHidServDescriptors) {
    log_warn(LD_REND, "We received an onion address for a v2 rendezvous "
        "service descriptor, but are not fetching service descriptors.");
    return;
  }
  log_debug(LD_REND, "Fetching v2 rendezvous descriptor for service %s",
            safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));

  rend_client_fetch_v2_desc(rend_query, NULL);
  /* We don't need to look the error code because either on failure or
   * success, the necessary steps to continue the HS connection will be
   * triggered once the descriptor arrives or if all fetch failed. */
  return;
}

/** Cancel all rendezvous descriptor fetches currently in progress.
 */
void
rend_client_cancel_descriptor_fetches(void)
{
  smartlist_t *connection_array = get_connection_array();

  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(connection_array, connection_t *, conn) {
    if (conn->type == CONN_TYPE_DIR &&
        conn->purpose == DIR_PURPOSE_FETCH_RENDDESC_V2) {
      /* It's a rendezvous descriptor fetch in progress -- cancel it
       * by marking the connection for close.
       *
       * Even if this connection has already reached EOF, this is
       * enough to make sure that if the descriptor hasn't been
       * processed yet, it won't be.  See the end of
       * connection_handle_read; connection_reached_eof (indirectly)
       * processes whatever response the connection received. */

      const rend_data_t *rd = (TO_DIR_CONN(conn))->rend_data;
      if (!rd) {
        log_warn(LD_BUG | LD_REND,
                 "Marking for close dir conn fetching rendezvous "
                 "descriptor for unknown service!");
      } else {
        log_debug(LD_REND, "Marking for close dir conn fetching "
                  "rendezvous descriptor for service %s",
                  safe_str(rd->onion_address));
      }
      connection_mark_for_close(conn);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(conn);
}

/** Mark <b>failed_intro</b> as a failed introduction point for the
 * hidden service specified by <b>rend_query</b>. If the HS now has no
 * usable intro points, or we do not have an HS descriptor for it,
 * then launch a new renddesc fetch.
 *
 * If <b>failure_type</b> is INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_GENERIC, remove the
 * intro point from (our parsed copy of) the HS descriptor.
 *
 * If <b>failure_type</b> is INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, mark the
 * intro point as 'timed out'; it will not be retried until the
 * current hidden service connection attempt has ended or it has
 * appeared in a newly fetched rendezvous descriptor.
 *
 * If <b>failure_type</b> is INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_UNREACHABLE,
 * increment the intro point's reachability-failure count; if it has
 * now failed MAX_INTRO_POINT_REACHABILITY_FAILURES or more times,
 * remove the intro point from (our parsed copy of) the HS descriptor.
 *
 * Return -1 if error, 0 if no usable intro points remain or service
 * unrecognized, 1 if recognized and some intro points remain.
 */
int
rend_client_report_intro_point_failure(extend_info_t *failed_intro,
                                       rend_data_t *rend_query,
                                       unsigned int failure_type)
{
  int i, r;
  rend_cache_entry_t *ent;
  connection_t *conn;

  r = rend_cache_lookup_entry(rend_query->onion_address, -1, &ent);
  if (r < 0) {
    /* Either invalid onion address or cache entry not found. */
    switch (-r) {
    case EINVAL:
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Malformed service ID %s.",
          escaped_safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));
      return -1;
    case ENOENT:
      log_info(LD_REND, "Unknown service %s. Re-fetching descriptor.",
          escaped_safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));
      rend_client_refetch_v2_renddesc(rend_query);
      return 0;
    default:
      log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unknown cache lookup returned code: %d", r);
      return -1;
    }
  }
  /* The intro points are not checked here if they are usable or not because
   * this is called when an intro point circuit is closed thus there must be
   * at least one intro point that is usable and is about to be flagged. */

  for (i = 0; i < smartlist_len(ent->parsed->intro_nodes); i++) {
    rend_intro_point_t *intro = smartlist_get(ent->parsed->intro_nodes, i);
    if (tor_memeq(failed_intro->identity_digest,
                intro->extend_info->identity_digest, DIGEST_LEN)) {
      switch (failure_type) {
      default:
        log_warn(LD_BUG, "Unknown failure type %u. Removing intro point.",
                 failure_type);
        tor_fragile_assert();
        /* fall through */
      case INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_GENERIC:
        rend_cache_intro_failure_note(failure_type,
                                      (uint8_t *)failed_intro->identity_digest,
                                      rend_query->onion_address);
        rend_intro_point_free(intro);
        smartlist_del(ent->parsed->intro_nodes, i);
        break;
      case INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT:
        intro->timed_out = 1;
        break;
      case INTRO_POINT_FAILURE_UNREACHABLE:
        ++(intro->unreachable_count);
        {
          int zap_intro_point =
            intro->unreachable_count >= MAX_INTRO_POINT_REACHABILITY_FAILURES;
          log_info(LD_REND, "Failed to reach this intro point %u times.%s",
                   intro->unreachable_count,
                   zap_intro_point ? " Removing from descriptor.": "");
          if (zap_intro_point) {
            rend_cache_intro_failure_note(
                failure_type,
                (uint8_t *) failed_intro->identity_digest,
                rend_query->onion_address);
            rend_intro_point_free(intro);
            smartlist_del(ent->parsed->intro_nodes, i);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      break;
    }
  }

  if (! rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(ent)) {
    log_info(LD_REND,
             "No more intro points remain for %s. Re-fetching descriptor.",
             escaped_safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));
    rend_client_refetch_v2_renddesc(rend_query);

    /* move all pending streams back to renddesc_wait */
    /* NOTE: We can now do this faster, if we use pending_entry_connections */
    while ((conn = connection_get_by_type_state_rendquery(CONN_TYPE_AP,
                                   AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT,
                                   rend_query->onion_address))) {
      connection_ap_mark_as_non_pending_circuit(TO_ENTRY_CONN(conn));
      conn->state = AP_CONN_STATE_RENDDESC_WAIT;
    }

    return 0;
  }
  log_info(LD_REND,"%d options left for %s.",
           smartlist_len(ent->parsed->intro_nodes),
           escaped_safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));
  return 1;
}

/** Called when we receive a RENDEZVOUS_ESTABLISHED cell; changes the state of
 * the circuit to C_REND_READY.
 */
int
rend_client_rendezvous_acked(origin_circuit_t *circ, const uint8_t *request,
                             size_t request_len)
{
  (void) request;
  (void) request_len;
  /* we just got an ack for our establish-rendezvous. switch purposes. */
  if (circ->base_.purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_ESTABLISH_REND) {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,"Got a rendezvous ack when we weren't expecting one. "
             "Closing circ.");
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL);
    return -1;
  }
  log_info(LD_REND,"Got rendezvous ack. This circuit is now ready for "
           "rendezvous.");
  circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY);
  /* Set timestamp_dirty, because circuit_expire_building expects it
   * to specify when a circuit entered the _C_REND_READY state. */
  circ->base_.timestamp_dirty = time(NULL);

  /* From a path bias point of view, this circuit is now successfully used.
   * Waiting any longer opens us up to attacks from malicious hidden services.
   * They could induce the client to attempt to connect to their hidden
   * service and never reply to the client's rend requests */
  pathbias_mark_use_success(circ);

  /* XXXX++ This is a pretty brute-force approach. It'd be better to
   * attach only the connections that are waiting on this circuit, rather
   * than trying to attach them all. See comments bug 743. */
  /* If we already have the introduction circuit built, make sure we send
   * the INTRODUCE cell _now_ */
  connection_ap_attach_pending(1);
  return 0;
}

/** The service sent us a rendezvous cell; join the circuits. */
int
rend_client_receive_rendezvous(origin_circuit_t *circ, const uint8_t *request,
                               size_t request_len)
{
  crypt_path_t *hop;
  char keys[DIGEST_LEN+CPATH_KEY_MATERIAL_LEN];

  if ((circ->base_.purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY &&
       circ->base_.purpose != CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_READY_INTRO_ACKED)
      || !circ->build_state->pending_final_cpath) {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,"Got rendezvous2 cell from hidden service, but not "
             "expecting it. Closing.");
    circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL);
    return -1;
  }

  if (request_len != DH_KEY_LEN+DIGEST_LEN) {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL,"Incorrect length (%d) on RENDEZVOUS2 cell.",
             (int)request_len);
    goto err;
  }

  log_info(LD_REND,"Got RENDEZVOUS2 cell from hidden service.");

  /* first DH_KEY_LEN bytes are g^y from the service. Finish the dh
   * handshake...*/
  tor_assert(circ->build_state);
  tor_assert(circ->build_state->pending_final_cpath);
  hop = circ->build_state->pending_final_cpath;
  tor_assert(hop->rend_dh_handshake_state);
  if (crypto_dh_compute_secret(LOG_PROTOCOL_WARN,
                               hop->rend_dh_handshake_state, (char*)request,
                               DH_KEY_LEN,
                               keys, DIGEST_LEN+CPATH_KEY_MATERIAL_LEN)<0) {
    log_warn(LD_GENERAL, "Couldn't complete DH handshake.");
    goto err;
  }
  /* ... and set up cpath. */
  if (circuit_init_cpath_crypto(hop, keys+DIGEST_LEN, 0)<0)
    goto err;

  /* Check whether the digest is right... */
  if (tor_memneq(keys, request+DH_KEY_LEN, DIGEST_LEN)) {
    log_warn(LD_PROTOCOL, "Incorrect digest of key material.");
    goto err;
  }

  crypto_dh_free(hop->rend_dh_handshake_state);
  hop->rend_dh_handshake_state = NULL;

  /* All is well. Extend the circuit. */
  circuit_change_purpose(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), CIRCUIT_PURPOSE_C_REND_JOINED);
  hop->state = CPATH_STATE_OPEN;
  /* set the windows to default. these are the windows
   * that the client thinks the service has.
   */
  hop->package_window = circuit_initial_package_window();
  hop->deliver_window = CIRCWINDOW_START;

  /* Now that this circuit has finished connecting to its destination,
   * make sure circuit_get_open_circ_or_launch is willing to return it
   * so we can actually use it. */
  circ->hs_circ_has_timed_out = 0;

  onion_append_to_cpath(&circ->cpath, hop);
  circ->build_state->pending_final_cpath = NULL; /* prevent double-free */

  circuit_try_attaching_streams(circ);

  memwipe(keys, 0, sizeof(keys));
  return 0;
 err:
  memwipe(keys, 0, sizeof(keys));
  circuit_mark_for_close(TO_CIRCUIT(circ), END_CIRC_REASON_TORPROTOCOL);
  return -1;
}

/** Find all the apconns in state AP_CONN_STATE_RENDDESC_WAIT that are
 * waiting on <b>query</b>. If there's a working cache entry here with at
 * least one intro point, move them to the next state. */
void
rend_client_desc_trynow(const char *query)
{
  entry_connection_t *conn;
  rend_cache_entry_t *entry;
  const rend_data_t *rend_data;
  time_t now = time(NULL);

  smartlist_t *conns = get_connection_array();
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH_BEGIN(conns, connection_t *, base_conn) {
    if (base_conn->type != CONN_TYPE_AP ||
        base_conn->state != AP_CONN_STATE_RENDDESC_WAIT ||
        base_conn->marked_for_close)
      continue;
    conn = TO_ENTRY_CONN(base_conn);
    rend_data = ENTRY_TO_EDGE_CONN(conn)->rend_data;
    if (!rend_data)
      continue;
    if (rend_cmp_service_ids(query, rend_data->onion_address))
      continue;
    assert_connection_ok(base_conn, now);
    if (rend_cache_lookup_entry(rend_data->onion_address, -1,
                                &entry) == 0 &&
        rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(entry)) {
      /* either this fetch worked, or it failed but there was a
       * valid entry from before which we should reuse */
      log_info(LD_REND,"Rend desc is usable. Launching circuits.");
      base_conn->state = AP_CONN_STATE_CIRCUIT_WAIT;

      /* restart their timeout values, so they get a fair shake at
       * connecting to the hidden service. */
      base_conn->timestamp_created = now;
      base_conn->timestamp_lastread = now;
      base_conn->timestamp_lastwritten = now;

      connection_ap_mark_as_pending_circuit(conn);
    } else { /* 404, or fetch didn't get that far */
      log_notice(LD_REND,"Closing stream for '%s.onion': hidden service is "
                 "unavailable (try again later).",
                 safe_str_client(query));
      connection_mark_unattached_ap(conn, END_STREAM_REASON_RESOLVEFAILED);
      rend_client_note_connection_attempt_ended(rend_data);
    }
  } SMARTLIST_FOREACH_END(base_conn);
}

/** Clear temporary state used only during an attempt to connect to the
 * hidden service with <b>rend_data</b>. Called when a connection attempt
 * has ended; it is possible for this to be called multiple times while
 * handling an ended connection attempt, and any future changes to this
 * function must ensure it remains idempotent. */
void
rend_client_note_connection_attempt_ended(const rend_data_t *rend_data)
{
  unsigned int have_onion = 0;
  rend_cache_entry_t *cache_entry = NULL;

  if (*rend_data->onion_address != '\0') {
    /* Ignore return value; we find an entry, or we don't. */
    (void) rend_cache_lookup_entry(rend_data->onion_address, -1,
                                   &cache_entry);
    have_onion = 1;
  }

  /* Clear the timed_out flag on all remaining intro points for this HS. */
  if (cache_entry != NULL) {
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(cache_entry->parsed->intro_nodes,
                      rend_intro_point_t *, ip,
                      ip->timed_out = 0; );
  }

  /* Remove the HS's entries in last_hid_serv_requests. */
  if (have_onion) {
    unsigned int replica;
    for (replica = 0; replica < ARRAY_LENGTH(rend_data->descriptor_id);
         replica++) {
      const char *desc_id = rend_data->descriptor_id[replica];
      purge_hid_serv_from_last_hid_serv_requests(desc_id);
    }
    log_info(LD_REND, "Connection attempt for %s has ended; "
             "cleaning up temporary state.",
             safe_str_client(rend_data->onion_address));
  } else {
    /* We only have an ID for a fetch. Probably used by HSFETCH. */
    purge_hid_serv_from_last_hid_serv_requests(rend_data->desc_id_fetch);
  }
}

/** Return a newly allocated extend_info_t* for a randomly chosen introduction
 * point for the named hidden service.  Return NULL if all introduction points
 * have been tried and failed.
 */
extend_info_t *
rend_client_get_random_intro(const rend_data_t *rend_query)
{
  int ret;
  extend_info_t *result;
  rend_cache_entry_t *entry;

  ret = rend_cache_lookup_entry(rend_query->onion_address, -1, &entry);
  if (ret < 0 || !rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(entry)) {
    log_warn(LD_REND,
             "Query '%s' didn't have valid rend desc in cache. Failing.",
             safe_str_client(rend_query->onion_address));
    /* XXX: Should we refetch the descriptor here if the IPs are not usable
     * anymore ?. */
    return NULL;
  }

  /* See if we can get a node that complies with ExcludeNodes */
  if ((result = rend_client_get_random_intro_impl(entry, 1, 1)))
    return result;
  /* If not, and StrictNodes is not set, see if we can return any old node
   */
  if (!get_options()->StrictNodes)
    return rend_client_get_random_intro_impl(entry, 0, 1);
  return NULL;
}

/** As rend_client_get_random_intro, except assume that StrictNodes is set
 * iff <b>strict</b> is true. If <b>warnings</b> is false, don't complain
 * to the user when we're out of nodes, even if StrictNodes is true.
 */
static extend_info_t *
rend_client_get_random_intro_impl(const rend_cache_entry_t *entry,
                                  const int strict,
                                  const int warnings)
{
  int i;

  rend_intro_point_t *intro;
  const or_options_t *options = get_options();
  smartlist_t *usable_nodes;
  int n_excluded = 0;

  /* We'll keep a separate list of the usable nodes.  If this becomes empty,
   * no nodes are usable.  */
  usable_nodes = smartlist_new();
  smartlist_add_all(usable_nodes, entry->parsed->intro_nodes);

  /* Remove the intro points that have timed out during this HS
   * connection attempt from our list of usable nodes. */
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(usable_nodes, rend_intro_point_t *, ip,
                    if (ip->timed_out) {
                      SMARTLIST_DEL_CURRENT(usable_nodes, ip);
                    });

 again:
  if (smartlist_len(usable_nodes) == 0) {
    if (n_excluded && get_options()->StrictNodes && warnings) {
      /* We only want to warn if StrictNodes is really set. Otherwise
       * we're just about to retry anyways.
       */
      log_warn(LD_REND, "All introduction points for hidden service are "
               "at excluded relays, and StrictNodes is set. Skipping.");
    }
    smartlist_free(usable_nodes);
    return NULL;
  }

  i = crypto_rand_int(smartlist_len(usable_nodes));
  intro = smartlist_get(usable_nodes, i);
  if (BUG(!intro->extend_info)) {
    /* This should never happen, but it isn't fatal, just try another */
    smartlist_del(usable_nodes, i);
    goto again;
  }
  /* All version 2 HS descriptors come with a TAP onion key.
   * Clients used to try to get the TAP onion key from the consensus, but this
   * meant that hidden services could discover which consensus clients have. */
  if (!extend_info_supports_tap(intro->extend_info)) {
    log_info(LD_REND, "The HS descriptor is missing a TAP onion key for the "
             "intro-point relay '%s'; trying another.",
             safe_str_client(extend_info_describe(intro->extend_info)));
    smartlist_del(usable_nodes, i);
    goto again;
  }
  /* Check if we should refuse to talk to this router. */
  if (strict &&
      routerset_contains_extendinfo(options->ExcludeNodes,
                                    intro->extend_info)) {
    n_excluded++;
    smartlist_del(usable_nodes, i);
    goto again;
  }

  smartlist_free(usable_nodes);
  return extend_info_dup(intro->extend_info);
}

/** Return true iff any introduction points still listed in <b>entry</b> are
 * usable. */
int
rend_client_any_intro_points_usable(const rend_cache_entry_t *entry)
{
  extend_info_t *extend_info =
    rend_client_get_random_intro_impl(entry, get_options()->StrictNodes, 0);

  int rv = (extend_info != NULL);

  extend_info_free(extend_info);
  return rv;
}

/** Client-side authorizations for hidden services; map of onion address to
 * rend_service_authorization_t*. */
static strmap_t *auth_hid_servs = NULL;

/** Look up the client-side authorization for the hidden service with
 * <b>onion_address</b>. Return NULL if no authorization is available for
 * that address. */
rend_service_authorization_t*
rend_client_lookup_service_authorization(const char *onion_address)
{
  tor_assert(onion_address);
  if (!auth_hid_servs) return NULL;
  return strmap_get(auth_hid_servs, onion_address);
}

/** Helper: Free storage held by rend_service_authorization_t. */
static void
rend_service_authorization_free(rend_service_authorization_t *auth)
{
  tor_free(auth);
}

/** Helper for strmap_free. */
static void
rend_service_authorization_strmap_item_free(void *service_auth)
{
  rend_service_authorization_free(service_auth);
}

/** Release all the storage held in auth_hid_servs.
 */
void
rend_service_authorization_free_all(void)
{
  if (!auth_hid_servs) {
    return;
  }
  strmap_free(auth_hid_servs, rend_service_authorization_strmap_item_free);
  auth_hid_servs = NULL;
}

/** Parse <b>config_line</b> as a client-side authorization for a hidden
 * service and add it to the local map of hidden service authorizations.
 * Return 0 for success and -1 for failure. */
int
rend_parse_service_authorization(const or_options_t *options,
                                 int validate_only)
{
  config_line_t *line;
  int res = -1;
  strmap_t *parsed = strmap_new();
  smartlist_t *sl = smartlist_new();
  rend_service_authorization_t *auth = NULL;
  char *err_msg = NULL;

  for (line = options->HidServAuth; line; line = line->next) {
    char *onion_address, *descriptor_cookie;
    auth = NULL;
    SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, char *, c, tor_free(c););
    smartlist_clear(sl);
    smartlist_split_string(sl, line->value, " ",
                           SPLIT_SKIP_SPACE|SPLIT_IGNORE_BLANK, 3);
    if (smartlist_len(sl) < 2) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Configuration line does not consist of "
               "\"onion-address authorization-cookie [service-name]\": "
               "'%s'", line->value);
      goto err;
    }
    auth = tor_malloc_zero(sizeof(rend_service_authorization_t));
    /* Parse onion address. */
    onion_address = smartlist_get(sl, 0);
    if (strlen(onion_address) != REND_SERVICE_ADDRESS_LEN ||
        strcmpend(onion_address, ".onion")) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Onion address has wrong format: '%s'",
               onion_address);
      goto err;
    }
    strlcpy(auth->onion_address, onion_address, REND_SERVICE_ID_LEN_BASE32+1);
    if (!rend_valid_service_id(auth->onion_address)) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Onion address has wrong format: '%s'",
               onion_address);
      goto err;
    }
    /* Parse descriptor cookie. */
    descriptor_cookie = smartlist_get(sl, 1);
    if (rend_auth_decode_cookie(descriptor_cookie, auth->descriptor_cookie,
                                &auth->auth_type, &err_msg) < 0) {
      tor_assert(err_msg);
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "%s", err_msg);
      tor_free(err_msg);
      goto err;
    }
    if (strmap_get(parsed, auth->onion_address)) {
      log_warn(LD_CONFIG, "Duplicate authorization for the same hidden "
                          "service.");
      goto err;
    }
    strmap_set(parsed, auth->onion_address, auth);
    auth = NULL;
  }
  res = 0;
  goto done;
 err:
  res = -1;
 done:
  rend_service_authorization_free(auth);
  SMARTLIST_FOREACH(sl, char *, c, tor_free(c););
  smartlist_free(sl);
  if (!validate_only && res == 0) {
    rend_service_authorization_free_all();
    auth_hid_servs = parsed;
  } else {
    strmap_free(parsed, rend_service_authorization_strmap_item_free);
  }
  return res;
}

/* Can Tor client code make direct (non-anonymous) connections to introduction
 * or rendezvous points?
 * Returns true if tor was compiled with NON_ANONYMOUS_MODE_ENABLED, and is
 * configured in Tor2web mode. */
int
rend_client_allow_non_anonymous_connection(const or_options_t *options)
{
  /* Tor2web support needs to be compiled in to a tor binary. */
#ifdef NON_ANONYMOUS_MODE_ENABLED
  /* Tor2web */
  return options->Tor2webMode ? 1 : 0;
#else
  (void)options;
  return 0;
#endif
}

/* At compile-time, was non-anonymous mode enabled via
 * NON_ANONYMOUS_MODE_ENABLED ? */
int
rend_client_non_anonymous_mode_enabled(const or_options_t *options)
{
  (void)options;
  /* Tor2web support needs to be compiled in to a tor binary. */
#ifdef NON_ANONYMOUS_MODE_ENABLED
  /* Tor2web */
  return 1;
#else
  return 0;
#endif
}